Fig. 1. (a) Basic structure of transmission polarizer; (b) Basic structure of ellipsometer

Fig. 2. Experimental setup of extinction ellipsometer^[3]

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of ellipsometer with quantum entangled light source^[40]

Fig. 4. Using spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) of the vertically aligned type-I BBO crystals to generate polarization-entangled light source and combining reflective ellipsometry to measure the density matrix components before and after reflection for ellipsometry parameter measurement of the sample. The dotted line is the system calibration device^[50]

Fig. 5. Experimental setup for measuring the optical activity and optical rotational dispersion of sucrose solution based on a nondegenerate polarization-entangled light source^[55]

Fig. 6. Based on a quantum polarization microscopy system, the birefringence characteristics of zebrafish samples were characterized by acquiring coincidence-counting images while controlling the rotation angles of half-wave plates in both the signal and idler optical paths^[60]. (a) The experimental setup; (b) Correlation between sample transmittance and principal refractive index axis angle; (c) Phase retardation distribution between the two refractive index axes