Radiation-Resistant Active Fibers for Space Applications

Chongyun Shao; Chunlei Yu; Lili Hu

doi:10.3788/CJL202047.0500014

Chinese Journal of Lasers, Volume. 47, Issue 5, 0500014(2020)

Radiation-Resistant Active Fibers for Space Applications

Chongyun Shao¹, Chunlei Yu^1,2, and Lili Hu^1,2、*

¹Key Laboratory of Materials for High Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China

²Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China

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Figures & Tables(34)

Fig. 1. Schematic of LEO, MEO, and GSO^[6]

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Fig. 2. Effect of radiation on the properties of silica-based fibers

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Fig. 3. RIA spectra of active and passive fibers^[20]

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Fig. 4. Interaction between ion radiation and silica glass. (a) Model of Si—O—Si network in silica glass destroyed by ion irradiation; (b) RIA spectrum of aluminum single-doped silica glass

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Fig. 5. Flow chart of color center formation caused by different types of ion irradiation in pure silica fiber

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Fig. 6. Characterization of radiation-induced color centers. (a) In situ photoluminescence spectra of Yb³⁺ single-doped silica glass (Yb∶SiO₂); (b) RIA spectra of pure silica glass (SiO₂); (c) RIA spectra of Yb∶SiO₂ glass; (d) CW-EPR spectra of SiO₂ and Yb∶SiO₂ samples after 193 nm laser irradiation for 100 min

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Fig. 7. Pulse EPR spectra (HYSCORE projection)^[72]

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Fig. 8. Formation model of color centers caused by irradiation in Yb³⁺-doped silica glass^[49]

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Fig. 9. Spectra of point defects in pure silica glass^[20]. (a) Absorption spectra; (b) CW-EPR spectra

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Fig. 10. Spectra of point defects in Al-doped silica glass^[20]. (a) Absorption spectra; (b) CW-EPR spectra

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Fig. 11. Spectra of point defects in P-doped silica glass^[20]. (a) Absorption spectra; (b) CW-EPR spectra

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Fig. 12. Spectra of point defects in Ge-doped silica glass^[20]. (a) Absorption spectra; (b) CW-EPR spectra

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Fig. 13. Three main factors influencing radiation resistance of active optical fiber

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Fig. 14. Variation of RIA intensity with radiation dose at 1550 nm in Er³⁺-doped double clad fiber and Er³⁺-doped photonic crystal fiber^[55]

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Fig. 15. Effects of elements in fiber on RIA spectra of double clad fibers. (a) Impurity elements (OH and Cl)^[92]; (b) doped elements (Ge, P, Er/Al) ^[93]

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Fig. 16. Effects of radiation particles on RIA spectra of fiber. (a) Effects of gamma and proton radiation on RIA spectra of Er³⁺/Al³⁺ co-doped fiber^[93]; (b) effects of steady gamma rays and transient X-rays on RIA spectra of passive fiber^[102]

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Fig. 17. Effects of total dose, dose rate, and temperature on RIA spectra of silica fiber. (a) Effects of total dose and dose rate on RIA spectra of fluorine-doped silica fiber^[104]; (b) effects of temperature on RIA spectra of phosphorus-doped silica fiber^[105]

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Fig. 18. Effect of pump power on RIA spectra of Er³⁺/Al³⁺-doped fiber^[107]

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Fig. 19. Methods to improve radiation resistance of active fiber

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Fig. 20. Effect of core composition on the RIA spectra of optical fiber^[29]

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Fig. 21. Effect of Ce content on the properties of P/Er/Yb/Ce-doped silica fiber^[113]. (a) Emission spectra; (b) laser slope efficiency; (c) gain performance under on-line radiation; (d) gain performance under off-line radiation

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Fig. 22. Effect of four irradiation sources on the ⁴I_13/2 lifetime of Er³⁺ ions in silica fibers^[115]. (a) P/Er/Yb co-doped silica fiber; (b) P/Er/Yb/Ce co-doped silica fiber

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Fig. 23. RIA spectra of P- and P/Ce-doped silica fiber^[116]

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Fig. 24. Structure and performance of HACC fiber. (a) Structure diagram of HACC fiber^[120]; (b) RIA spectra^[120]; (c) relationship between gain decrease and radiation dose^[121]

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Fig. 25. Flow chart of pretreatment of active fiber preform and its fiber performance evaluation^[48]

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Fig. 26. Loss spectra and laser slope efficiency curves of optical fibers drawn by preforms ^[48]. (a)(c) Pristine preform; (b)(e) loading H₂ pretreated preform; (c)(f) loading D₂ pretreated preform

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Fig. 27. Main vibration absorption peaks of OH and OD groups. (a) 500-4000 nm; (b) 800-2000 nm

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Fig. 28. Effect of bleaching on the loss spectra and laser slope efficiency of Tm³⁺-doped fiber irradiated by different doses of γ-ray. (a)(b) Photobleaching^[36]; (c)(d) atmosphere bleaching^[38]

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Fig. 29. General idea of improving radiation hardness feature of fiber laser or amplifier through system optimization strategy

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Fig. 30. Radiation resistance improved by system strategy^[137]. (a)-(c) Influence of hydrogen loading, fiber length, and pumping mode on the radiation resistance of EDFA through software simulation; (d) influence of component strategy and system strategy on the radiation resistance of EDFA through experimental method

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Table 1. Altitudes, radiation environments, and uses of the three orbits of satellites in space^[6-7]

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Table 1. Altitudes, radiation environments, and uses of the three orbits of satellites in space^[6-7]

Orbitalname	Altitude/km	Dose rate /(rad·min^-1)	Radiationdose /krad	Radiation zone	Orbital use
LEO	<2000	<0.027	5-10	South Atlantic anomaly	Earth observation satellite
MEO	2000-36000	<0.272	10-100	Van Allen belts	Navigation system satellite
GSO	36000	~0.135	~50	Galactic cosmic rays	Communication satellite

Table 2. Characteristic parameters of five different types of optical fibers and their applications and challenges in space

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Table 2. Characteristic parameters of five different types of optical fibers and their applications and challenges in space

Fiber type	Core/claddingsize /μm	Core NA	Application	Challenge	Reference
Sensing/communicationsingle mode optical fiber	<10/125	<0.17	Temperature,humidity, pressure sensing,data transmission	Loss increase,Bragg wavelength shift,reflectivity decrease	[8-11]
Sensing/communicationmultimode optical fiber	50~62.5/125	0.18-0.23	Temperature,humidity,pressure sensingdata transmission	Loss increase,Bragg wavelength shift,reflectivity decrease	[8-11]
Polarizationmaintaining fiber	<10/125	0.12-0.22	Fiber optic gyroscope	Loss increase	[12]
Microstructure fiber	<20/125	<0.06	Large-mode-area,infinite cut-off single mode,super radiation resistance	Loss increase	[13-14]
Active optical fiber(Yb/Er/Tm, etc.)	<10/125<25/400	0.06-0.22	Fiber optic gyroscope, laser communication,laser radar,laser remote sensing,laser weapon,space waste disposal,etc.	Loss increase,gain decrease,efficiency decrease,noise figure increase	[15-16]

Table 3. Structural models, characteristic values in optical and CW-EPR spectra of common point defects in silica glass

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Table 3. Structural models, characteristic values in optical and CW-EPR spectra of common point defects in silica glass

Defect	Structuralmodel	Optical spectra			CW-EPR spectra		Reference
Defect	Structuralmodel	Absorptionpeak /eV		AbsorptionFWHM /eV	PLpeak /eV	Lande factor(g₁, g₂, g₃)	Hyperfine couplingconstant (A₁, A₂,A₃) /G
ODC (I)	≡Si—Si≡	7.6	0.5	2.7/4.4	None	None	[81-83]
Si-E'	≡Si·	5.8	0.8	None	(2.0018, 2.0006, 2.0003)	Not observed	[63-64, 83]
ODC (II)	≡Si··Si≡	4.95-5.05	0.3	2.7 /4.4	None	None	[81-83]
NBOHC	≡Si—O∘	4.8/2.0	1.05/0.18	1.85-1.95	(1.9999,2.0095,2.078)	Not observed	[63-64,83]
POR	≡Si—O—O·	4.8/1.97	0.8/0.175	None	(2.0018,2.0078,2.067)	Not observed	[63-64,83]
POL	≡Si—O—O—Si≡	3.8	Not reported	None	None	None	[63,83]
Cl₂	Cl—Cl	3.8	0.7	None	None	None	[83]
STH	≡Si—O∘—Si≡	2.6/2.16	1.5/1.2	None	(2.0054,2.0078,2.0125)	Not observed	[63-65,83]
O₂	O=O	1.62/0.97	0.012/0.011	0.97	None	None	[83]
Al-ODC	≡Al··Si≡	4.96	0.47	2.6/3.4	None	None	[49]
Al-E'	≡Al·	4.1	1.02	None	2.0023	50	[49,84-85]
Al-OHC	≡Al—O∘	3.2/2.3	1.0/0.9	None	(2.0402,2.017,2.0039)	(4.7,10.3,12.7)	[49,85-86]
P4	—P·—	4.8	0.41	None	(2.0014,1.9989,1.9989)	300	[67]
P2	=P·=	4.5	1.27	None	(2.002,1.999,1.999)	800-1600	[67]
l-POHC	≡P—O∘	3.1	0.73	None	(2.0039,2.0027,2.0026)	(50,41,48)	[67]
r-POHC	=P—O∘₂	2.2,2.5	0.35,0.63	None	(2.0179,2.0097,2.0075)	(54,52,48)	[67]
P1	≡P·	0.79	0.29	None	(2.002,1.999,1.999)	910	[67]
GLPC	=Ge∶	5.15	0.42	4.3	None	None	[25,87]
Ge(1)	=Ge·=	4.4	1.2	None	(2.0006,2.0000,1.9930)	Not observed	[25,88]
Ge-E'	≡Ge·	6.2	0.7	None	(2.0012,1.9951,1.9941)	Not observed	[87-88]
Ge(2)	≡Ge·—Ge≡	5.8	0.7	None	(2.0010,1.9989,1.9867)	Not observed	[87-88]
Ge-OHC	≡Ge—O∘	2.1	1	1.85	Not reported	Not reported	[25]
Ge-STH	Not clear	0.54	0.5	None	Not reported	Not reported	[25]

Table 4. Laser slope efficiency and background loss at 1200 nm of ytterbium doped silica fibers drawn by pristine, loading H₂, and loading D₂ pretreated preforms

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Table 4. Laser slope efficiency and background loss at 1200 nm of ytterbium doped silica fibers drawn by pristine, loading H₂, and loading D₂ pretreated preforms

Optical fiberparameter	Loss@1200 nm /(dB·km^-1)		Slope efficiency /%		Decrease in efficiency by pretreatment /%
Optical fiberparameter	0 Gy	700 Gy	0 Gy	700 Gy	0 Gy	700 Gy
Pristine	~6	~533	79	0	0	100
H₂ pretreated	~83	~130	45	32	43	29
D₂ pretreated	~20	~70	75	59	5	21

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Chongyun Shao, Chunlei Yu, Lili Hu. Radiation-Resistant Active Fibers for Space Applications[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2020, 47(5): 0500014

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Paper Information

Category: reviews

Received: Jan. 2, 2020

Accepted: Feb. 18, 2020

Published Online: May. 12, 2020

The Author Email: Hu Lili (hulili@siom.ac.cn)

DOI:10.3788/CJL202047.0500014

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology

Table 1. Altitudes, radiation environments, and uses of the three orbits of satellites in space[6-7]

Table 1. Altitudes, radiation environments, and uses of the three orbits of satellites in space[6-7]

Table 2. Characteristic parameters of five different types of optical fibers and their applications and challenges in space

Table 2. Characteristic parameters of five different types of optical fibers and their applications and challenges in space

Table 3. Structural models, characteristic values in optical and CW-EPR spectra of common point defects in silica glass

Table 3. Structural models, characteristic values in optical and CW-EPR spectra of common point defects in silica glass

Table 4. Laser slope efficiency and background loss at 1200 nm of ytterbium doped silica fibers drawn by pristine, loading H2, and loading D2 pretreated preforms

Table 4. Laser slope efficiency and background loss at 1200 nm of ytterbium doped silica fibers drawn by pristine, loading H2, and loading D2 pretreated preforms

Table 1. Altitudes, radiation environments, and uses of the three orbits of satellites in space^[6-7]

Table 1. Altitudes, radiation environments, and uses of the three orbits of satellites in space^[6-7]

Table 4. Laser slope efficiency and background loss at 1200 nm of ytterbium doped silica fibers drawn by pristine, loading H₂, and loading D₂ pretreated preforms

Table 4. Laser slope efficiency and background loss at 1200 nm of ytterbium doped silica fibers drawn by pristine, loading H₂, and loading D₂ pretreated preforms