Fig. 1. (a) Schematic of the resonant modulator based on LNOI. (b) Simulated optical TE0 mode profile and electric field distribution. (c) Refractive index change distribution in LN. The applied voltage is 10 V. (d) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the DBR. (e) SEM image of the modulation region.

Fig. 2. Variation of the LN waveguide effective refractive index (1 V voltage applied) and absorption loss as a function of the electrode gap.

Fig. 3. (a) 1 dB bandwidth of stopband versus corrugation depth Δw. (b) Maximum extinction ratio (ER) and quality (Q) factor versus number of grating periods N. (c) Transmission spectra of the FP modulator with different FP cavity length L_c.

Fig. 4. (a) Measured transmission spectrum of the FP cavity. Inset: the resonance peak at the Bragg wavelength. (b) Measurement and linear fitting of the resonant wavelength shift as a function of the applied DC voltage. Inset: the spectral shift as the voltage sweeps from 0 V to 25 V at different wavelengths.

Fig. 5. Measured EO S₂₁ responses at different operation wavelengths. Δλ represents the wavelength offset from the resonance wavelength.

Fig. 6. (a) Experimental setup for measuring the eye diagram. PC, polarization controller; DUT, device under test; EDFA, erbium-doped fiber amplifier; PRBS, pseudo-random binary sequences. (b) Open eye diagrams with data rates of 20, 40, and 56 Gbit/s.