[1] A Thompson, SN Tapp. Criminal Victimization, 2021(2022).

[2] P Gill, A Jeffreys, D Werrett. Forensic application of DNA fingerprints. Nature, 318, 577-579(1985).

[3] R Tao, S Wang, J Zhang et al. Separation/extraction, detection, and interpretation of DNA mixtures in forensic science (review). Int J Leg Med, 132, 1247-1261(2018).

[4] RW Cotton, MB Fisher. Review: properties of sperm and seminal fluid, informed by research on reproduction and contraception. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 18, 66-77(2015).

[5] K Yoshida, K Sekiguchi, N Mizuno et al. The modified method of two-step differential extraction of sperm and vaginal epithelial cell DNA from vaginal fluid mixed with semen. Forensic Sci Int, 72, 25-33(1995).

[6] P Wiegand, M Schürenkamp, U Schütte. DNA extraction from mixtures of body fluid using mild preferential lysis. Int J Leg Med, 104, 359-360(1992).

[7] MD Timken, SB Klein, MR Buoncristiani. Improving the efficacy of the standard DNA differential extraction method for sexual assault evidence. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 34, 170-177(2018).

[8] SB Klein, MR Buoncristiani. Evaluating the efficacy of DNA differential extraction methods for sexual assault evidence. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 29, 109-117(2017).

[9] H Wu, MK de Gannes, G Luchetti et al. Rapid method for the isolation of mammalian sperm DNA. Biotechniques, 58, 293-300(2015).

[10] EK Graham, M Loten, JM Thompson, J Drobac, A Gopalakrishnan. Developmental validation of the Casework Direct kit, Custom: a method for the rapid processing of casework samples. https://www.promega.com/-/media/files/resources/white-papers/wp108.pdf

[11] Corporation Promega. Rapid Processing of Swabs from Casework Samples Using Casework Direct Kit, Custom(2019).

[12] SK Schellhammer, BC Hudson, JO Cox et al. Alternative direct-toamplification sperm cell lysis techniques for sexual assault sample processing. J Forensic Sci, 67, 1668-1678(2022).

[13] BC Hudson, JO Cox, SJ Seashols-Williams et al. The effects of dithiothreitol (DTT) on fluorescent qPCR dyes. J Forensic Sci, 66, 700-708(2020).

[14] JA Lounsbury, N Coult, DC Miranian et al. An enzyme-based DNA preparation method for application to forensic biological samples and degraded stains. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 6, 607-615(2012).

[15] JA Lounsbury, A Karlsson, DC Miranian et al. From sample to PCR product in under 45 minutes: a polymeric integrated microdevice for clinical and forensic DNA analysis. Lab Chip, 13, 1384-1393(2013).

[16] JO Cox, TS DeCarmen, Y Ouyang et al. A novel, integrated forensic microdevice on a rotation-driven platform: buccal swab to STR product in less than 2 h. Electrophoresis, 37, 3046-3058(2016).

[17] JA Duvall, D Le Roux, AC Tsuei et al. A rotationally-driven polyethylene terephthalate microdevice with integrated reagent mixing for multiplexed PCR amplification of DNA. Anal Methods, 8, 7331-7340(2016).

[18] JA DuVall, D Le Roux, BL Thompson et al. Rapid multiplex DNA amplification on an inexpensive microdevice for human identification via short tandem repeat analysis. Anal Chim Acta, 980, 41-49(2017).

[19] LM Dignan, SM Karas, IK Mighell et al. A novel method for inward fluid displacement in centrifugal microdevices for highly integrated nucleic acid processing with long-term reagent storage. Anal Chim Acta, 1221(2022).

[20] J Conte, J Kishbaugh, D Baxter et al. Developmental validation of the forensicGEM universal kit for the extraction of genomic DNA. Forensic Genomics, 2, 71-80(2022).

[21] J Conte, A Ruddy, L Domonoski et al. Recovery of DNA from SERATEC® immunochromatographic PSA and saliva test strips. J Forensic Sci, 67, 1176-1183(2022).

[23] MJ Madou, GJ Kellogg. The LabCD™: a centrifuge-based microfluidic platform for diagnostics. Syst Technol Clin Diagnostics Drug Discov, 1998, 80-93(1998).

[24] MS Woolf, LM Dignan, HM Lewis et al. Optically-controlled closable microvalves for polymeric centrifugal microfluidic devices. Lab Chip, 20, 1426-1440(2020).

[25] KR Jackson, JC Borba, M Meija et al. DNA purification using dynamic solid-phase extraction on a rotationallydriven polyethylene-terephthalate microdevice. Anal Chim Acta, 937, 1-10(2016).

[26] R Gorkin, J Park, J Siegrist et al. Centrifugal microfluidics for biomedical applications. Lab Chip, 10, 1758-1773(2010).

[27] J Fedder. Nonsperm cells in human semen: with special reference to seminal leukocytes and their possible influence on fertility. Arch Androl, 36, 41-65(1996).

[28] JA Soares-Vieira, AE Correia Billerbeck, ES Miazato Iwamura et al. Y-STRs in forensic medicine: DNA analysis in semen samples of azoospermic individuals. J Forensic Sci, 52, 664-670(2007).

[29] X Zhang, M San Gabriel, A Zini. Sperm nuclear histone to protamine ratio in fertile and infertile men: evidence of heterogeneous subpopulations of spermatozoa in the ejaculate. J Androl, 27, 414-420(2006).

[30] SH Swan, EP Elkin, L Fenster. The question of declining sperm density revisited: an analysis of 101 studies published 1934-1996. Environ Health Perspect, 108, 961-966(2000).

[31] TG Cooper, E Noonan, S von Eckardstein et al. World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics. Hum Reprod Update, 16, 231-245(2010).

[32] MJ Campbell, F Lotti, E Baldi et al. Distribution of semen examination results 2020—a follow up of data collated for the WHO semen analysis manual 2010. Andrology, 9, 817-822(2021).

[33] Corporation QIAGEN. Investigator^® Quantiplex^® HYres Kit Handbook(2018).

[34] DC Smith, CLR Barratt, MA Williams. The characterisation of non-sperm cells in the ejaculates of fertile men using transmission electron microscopy. Andrologia, 58, 464-472(1989).

[36] T Brooks. The Internal Validation of Life Technologies® Quantifiler® Trio and Qiagen® Investigator® Quantiplex HYres DNA Quantification Kits, and a Comparative Analysis to Life Technologies® Quantifiler® Duo(2015).

[37] S Lin, C Li, SCY Ip. A performance study on three qPCR quantification kits and their compatibilities with the 6-dye DNA profiling systems. Forensic Sci Int Genet, 33, 72-83(2018).

[38] JM Butler, JM Butler. Advanced Topics in Forensic DNA Typing: Methodology, 49-67(2012).

[39] J Dissing, L Rudbeck, H Marcher, A Carracedo, B Brinkmann, W Bär. 16th Congress of the International Society for Forensic Haemogenetics; 1995 Sept 12–16; Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 269-271(1996).

[40] L Rudbeck, J Dissing. Rapid, simple alkaline extraction of human genomic DNA from whole blood, buccal epithelial cells, semen and forensic stains for PCR. Biotechniques, 25, 588-592(1998).

[41] DV Nori, BR McCord. The application of alkaline lysis and pressure cycling technology in the differential extraction of DNA from sperm and epithelial cells recovered from cotton swabs. Anal Bioanal Chem, 407, 6975-6984(2015).

[42] Corporation QIAGEN. QIAamp^® DNA Investigator Handbook(2020).