Fig. 1. Low-emissivity thermal photonic materials with infrared high reflectance and infrared high transmittance

Fig. 2. Metal-based infrared low-emissivity materials. (a) Infrared low-emissivity film materials based on NPAHP metamaterial structure^[48]; (b) colored infrared low-emissivity textiles based on Au and Ge^[26]; (c) colored infrared low-emissivity paints based on Al microflakes^[52]; (d) visible-infrared compatible thin films based on MgF₂/Ag/MgF₂ structures^[17]

Fig. 3. Infrared transparent polymeric materials and conductive metal oxide based low-emissivity materials. (a) Infrared transparent textile based on NanoPE^[18]; (b) colored infrared transparent textiles based on NanoPE^[40]; (c) infrared low-emissivity films based on Nano-Ag/PE^[39]; (d) infrared tunable flexible materials based on SEBS^[42]; (e) infrared low-emissivity films based on ITO/Ag/ITO sandwich structure^[68]

Fig. 4. Conductive nanomaterials based low-emissivity materials. (a) Infrared low-emissivity textile formed by MXene modified nanoporous polyethylene (NanoPE)^[71]; (b) dissociated microporous TPAE beads coated with Ti₃C₂T_x (TPAE@Ti₃C₂T_x) nano-composite foam^[72]; (c) infrared low-emissivity film combining MXene and carbon nanotube (CNT) film^[73]; (d) infrared low-emissivity composite based on carbonyl iron/glass fiber cloths^[75]; (e) infrared low-emissivity composite structure based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets and carbon black (CB) particles^[10]

Fig. 5. Metal and metal oxide based dynamic low emissivity thermophotonic materials. (a) Reflective IR emissivity dynamically modulated device based on electrically deformed elastomer^[21]; (b) transmissive IR emissivity dynamically modulated device based on mechanical stretching^[80]; (c) IR emissivity dynamically modulated device based on reversible electrodeposition of metallic silver^[81]; (d) infrared emissivity dynamically modulated device based on lithiumtitanate (LTO)^[22]; (e) infrared emissivity dynamically modulated device based on tungsten trioxide (WO₃)^[84]; (f) infrared emissivity dynamically modulated device based on zinc oxide (ZnO)^[86]

Fig. 6. Phase change materials, conductive polymers, and graphene dynamic low emissivity thermal photonic materials. (a) Infrared emissivity dynamic regulation device based on vanadium dioxide (VO₂)^[32]; (b) infrared emissivity dynamic regulation device based on tungsten-doped vanadium dioxide^[23]; (c) infrared emissivity dynamic regulation device based on germanium antimony tellurium alloy (GST)^[95]; (d) infrared emissivity dynamic regulation device based on polystyrene (3,4-vinyldioxthiophene)^[99];(e)(f) dynamic infrared emittance control device for polyaniline (PANI)^[37]; (g) dynamic infrared emittance control device based on graphene^[24]

Fig. 7. Applications of low-emissivity infrared thermophotonic materials. (a) Working mode of low-emissivity infrared thermophotonic materials for construction^[51]; (b) human body heat input and output modes and cooling/heating textile working modes^[108]; (c) bimodal textile based on NanoPE^[109]; (d) application of low-emissivity infrared thermophotonic materials for infrared cloaking^[72]