Influence of white level and color saturation of LCD smartphone on visual comfort and visual fatigue

Nian-fang ZHU; Yan TU; Li-li WANG; Yi-dong LIN; Yun-yang SHI

doi:10.37188/CJLCD.2022-0073

Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays, Volume. 37, Issue 8, 1008(2022)

Influence of white level and color saturation of LCD smartphone on visual comfort and visual fatigue

Nian-fang ZHU, Yan TU^*, Li-li WANG, Yi-dong LIN, and Yun-yang SHI

Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization，School of Electronic Science and Engineering，Southeast University，Nanjing 210096，China

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Figures & Tables(22)

Fig. 1. (a) Gamma curve; (b) Light spectrum; (c) Color gamut.

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Fig. 2. SI and CF distribution of experimental images

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Fig. 3. Flow chart of experimental images processing

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Fig. 4. Example diagram after white level adjustment

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Fig. 5. Example diagram after color saturation adjustment

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Fig. 6. Flowchart of experiment

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Fig. 7. Significant trend and post hoc results.(a) Subjective parameters in white level experiment； (b) Subjective parameters in saturation experiment； (c) Physiological parameters in saturation experiment.

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Fig. 8. (a) Trend of subjective factors in white field luminance experiment； (b) Trend of subjective factor and heart rate factor in saturation experiment.

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Fig. 9. (a) Difference of parameters after white field luminance experiment; (b) Difference of parameters after saturation experiment.

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Table 1. Adjusting coefficients of white level along with corresponding gray level and measured luminance
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Table 1. Adjusting coefficients of white level along with corresponding gray level and measured luminance
白场亮度等级亮度调整系数α_W 对应灰度值实测白场亮度/（cd·m^-2）
1 0.025 7 10.10
2 0.05 13 20.48
3 0.135 34 53.91
4 0.50 128 202.64
5 1.0（原图） 255 401.24

Table 2. Adjusting coefficients of color saturation along with corresponding chromatic aberration and measured color gamut
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Table 2. Adjusting coefficients of color saturation along with corresponding chromatic aberration and measured color gamut
饱和度等级饱和度调整系数 α_C $∆ E_{94}$ 实测NTSC色域覆盖比/%
1 0.5 -4.97 18.79
2 0.6 -3.99 27.65
3 0.7 -2.99 36.71
4 0.8 -1.98 47.86
5 1.0（原图） 0 70.09

Table 3. Subjective questionnaire scale

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Table 3. Subjective questionnaire scale

问卷项目	分值
问卷项目	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
显示质量	很差	差	较差	一般	较好	好	很好
视觉舒适度	很不舒适	不舒适	较不舒适	一般舒适	较舒适	舒适	很舒适
观看喜好度	很不喜欢	不喜欢	较喜欢	一般喜欢	较喜欢	喜欢	很喜欢
视疲劳	严重疲劳	疲劳	较疲劳	一般疲劳	轻微疲劳	较不疲劳	不疲劳
亮度感受	过暗	暗	略暗	合适	略亮	亮	过亮
色彩感受	过于暗淡	暗淡	略暗淡	合适	略鲜艳	鲜艳	过于鲜艳

Table 4. Physiological parameters

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Table 4. Physiological parameters

参数名称	参数全称	解释
Heart rate	Heart rate	心率
RRI	RR Interval	心电图中相邻两个R波的间隔时间
SDNN	Standard Deviation of NN (RR) intervals	全部窦性心搏RR（简称NN）间期的标准差
RMSSD	Root Mean Square of Successive Difference	相邻RR间期差值的均方根
PNN50	Percentage of Adjacent NN Intervals Difference more than 50 ms	相邻NN之差>50 ms的个数占总个数的百分比
LF_n	Normalized Low Frequency	归一化的低频功率能量
HF_n	Normalized High Frequency	归一化的高频功率能量
LF/HF	Ratio of Low Frequency to High Frequency	交感与迷走神经动态平衡指标

Table 5. Visual function parameters and microsaccade parameters

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Table 5. Visual function parameters and microsaccade parameters

参数名称	参数全称	解释
BUT	Break-up Time	泪膜破裂时间
CFF	Critical Flicker Frequency	临界闪烁频率
Eye Diameter	Eye Diameter	瞳孔直径
Time	Accumulated Time of Microsaccade	微眼跳的总时间
Amplitude	Averaged Amplitude of Microsaccade	微眼跳的平均幅度
Peak Velocity	Averaged Peak Velocity of Microsaccade	微眼跳的平均峰值速度

Table 6. Results of univariate ANOVA for parameters in visual comfort research

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Table 6. Results of univariate ANOVA for parameters in visual comfort research

参数名称	白场亮度			饱和度
参数名称	Df	Sig.	η²	Df	Sig.	η²
显示质量	4	<0.001	0.691	4	<0.001	0.773
视觉舒适度	4	0.004	0.288	4	<0.001	0.573
观看喜好度	4	0.001	0.356	4	<0.001	0.732
视疲劳	4	0.113		4	0.075
亮度感受	4	<0.001	0.871	4	0.264
色彩感受	4	<0.001	0.710	4	<0.001	0.807
Heart rate	4	0.497		4	0.010	0.257
RRI	4	0.414		4	0.015	0.239
SDNN	4	0.586		4	0.617
RMSSD	4	0.709		4	0.654
PNN50	4	0.345		4	0.966
LF_n	4	0.848		4	0.890
HF_n	4	0.848		4	0.890
LF/HF	4	0.330		4	0.422

Table 7. Results of Pearson correlation coefficients between parameters in visual comfort research (White level)

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Table 7. Results of Pearson correlation coefficients between parameters in visual comfort research (White level)

显示质量	视觉舒适度	观看喜好度	Heart rate	RRI	SDNN	RMSSD	PNN50	LF_n	HF_n	LF/HF
1.00	-0.03	0.38^**	-0.07	0.06	0.17	0.22	0.15	0.01	-0.01	-0.11
-0.03	1.00	0.68^**	0.12	-0.12	-0.16	-0.12	-0.17	0.02	-0.02	0.03
0.38^**	0.68^**	1.00	-0.01	0.01	-0.09	0.01	-0.02	-0.03	0.03	0.05
-0.07	0.12	-0.01	1.00	-0.99^**	-0.11	-0.74^**	-0.65^**	0.40^**	-0.40^**	0.30^*
0.06	-0.12	0.01	-0.99^**	1.00	0.16	0.77^**	0.65^**	-0.42^**	0.42^**	-0.32^*
0.17	-0.16	-0.09	-0.11	0.16	1.00	0.13	0.28*	-0.06	0.06	-0.01
0.22	-0.12	0.01	-0.74^**	0.77^**	0.13	1.00	0.71^**	-0.38^**	0.38^**	-0.33^**
0.15	-0.17	-0.02	-0.65^**	0.65^**	0.28*	0.71^**	1.00	-0.55^**	0.55^**	-0.39^**
0.01	0.02	-0.03	0.40^**	-0.42^**	-0.06	-0.38^**	-0.55^**	1.00	-1.00^**	0.72^**
-0.01	-0.02	0.03	-0.40^**	0.42^**	0.06	0.38^**	0.55^**	-1.00^**	1.00	-0.72^**
-0.11	0.03	0.05	0.30^*	-0.32^*	-0.01	-0.33^**	-0.39^**	0.72^**	-0.72^**	1.00

Table 8. Results of Pearson correlation coefficients between parameters in visual comfort research (Saturation)

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Table 8. Results of Pearson correlation coefficients between parameters in visual comfort research (Saturation)

显示质量	视觉舒适度	观看喜好度	Heart rate	RRI	SDNN	RMSSD	PNN50	LF_n	HF_n	LF/HF
1.00 0.69^**	0.69^**	0.86^**	-0.14	0.19	0.26^*	0.19	0.17	0.11	-0.11	0.03
1.00 0.69^**	1.00	0.82^**	0.02	0.03	0.00	0.10	0.14	-0.09	0.09	-0.13
0.86^**	0.82^**	1.00	-0.09	0.15	0.13	0.18	0.21	-0.10	0.10	-0.14
-0.14	0.02	-0.09	1.00	-0.93^**	-0.25	-0.29^*	-0.24	0.02	-0.02	0.08
0.19	0.03	0.15	-0.93^**	1.00	0.23	0.23	0.21	-0.04	0.04	-0.11
0.26^*	0.00	0.13	-0.25	0.23	1.00	0.86^**	0.81^**	-0.28^*	0.28^*	-0.31^*
0.19	0.10	0.18	-0.29^*	0.23	0.86^**	1.00	0.95^**	-0.61^**	0.61^**	-0.50^**
0.17	0.14	0.21	-0.24	0.21	0.81^**	0.95^**	1.00	-0.62^**	0.62^**	-0.54^**
0.11	-0.09	-0.10	0.02	-0.04	-0.28^*	-0.61^**	-0.62^**	1.00	-1.00^**	0.77^**
-0.11	0.09	0.10	-0.02	0.04	0.28^*	0.61^**	0.62^**	-1.00^**	1.00	-0.77^**
0.03	-0.13	-0.14	0.08	-0.11	-0.31^*	-0.50^**	-0.54^**	0.77^**	-0.77^**	1.00

Table 9. Factors naming and results of univariate ANOVA in visual comfort research

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Table 9. Factors naming and results of univariate ANOVA in visual comfort research

舒适度研究	因子命名	高荷载成分	Df	Sig.	η²
白场亮度	白场亮度主观因子1	视觉舒适度、观看喜好度	4	0.003	0.301
	白场亮度主观因子2	显示质量	4	<0.001	0.665
	白场亮度时域因子	Heart rate、RRI、RMSSD、PNN50	4	0.400
	白场亮度频域因子	LF_n、HF_n、LF/HF	4	0.706
饱和度	饱和度主观因子	显示质量、视觉舒适度、观看喜好度	4	<0.001	0.760
	饱和度心率因子	Rate、RRI	4	0.010	0.254
	饱和度时域因子	SDNN、RMSSD、PNN50	4	0.326
	饱和度频域因子	LF_n、HF_n、LF/HF	4	0.476

Table 10. Results of univariate ANOVA for parameters in visual fatigue research

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Table 10. Results of univariate ANOVA for parameters in visual fatigue research

参数名称	白场亮度			饱和度
参数名称	Df	Sig.	η²	Df	Sig.	η²
BUT	1	<0.001	0.836	1	<0.001	0.881
CFF	1	0.528		1	0.003	0.579
Eye Diameter	1	0.029	0.365	1	0.093
Time	1	0.973		1	0.991
Amplitude	1	0.981		1	0.920
Peak Velocity	1	0.762		1	0.918
Heart rate	1	0.048	0.310	1	0.207
RRI	1	0.874		1	0.272
SDNN	1	0.328		1	0.199
RMSSD	1	0.009	0.472	1	0.262
PNN50	1	0.006	0.513	1	0.765
LF_n	1	0.024	0.385	1	0.682
HF_n	1	0.024	0.385	1	0.682
LF/HF	1	0.052		1	0.845

Table 11. Results of Pearson correlation coefficients between parameters in visual fatigue research (White level)

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Table 11. Results of Pearson correlation coefficients between parameters in visual fatigue research (White level)

Rate	RRI	SDNN	RMSSD	PNN50	LF_n	HF_n	LF/HF	Time	Amplitude	Peak Velocity
1.00	-0.70^**	-0.35	-0.72^**	-0.68^**	0.42^*	-0.42^*	0.47^*	-0.22	0.19	0.30
-0.70^**	1.00	0.27	0.81^**	0.69^*	0.37	-0.37	0.41^*	-0.29	0.28	0.29
-0.35	0.27	1.00	0.35	0.32	-0.25	0.25	-0.27	0.21	-0.27	-0.24
-0.72^**	0.81^**	0.35	1.00	0.95^**	-0.45^*	0.45^*	-0.38	-0.24	0.20	0.23
-0.68^**	0.69^*	0.32	0.95^**	1.00	-0.39	0.39	-0.42^*	-0.24	0.21	0.24
0.42^*	0.37	-0.25	-0.45^*	-0.39	1.00	-1.00^**	0.90^**	-0.29	0.40	0.38
-0.42^*	-0.37	0.25	0.45^*	0.39	-1.00^**	1.00	-0.90^**	0.29	-0.40	-0.38
0.47^*	0.41^*	-0.27	-0.38	-0.42^*	0.90^**	-0.90^**	1.00	-0.24	0.34	0.33
-0.22	-0.29	0.21	-0.24	-0.24	-0.29	0.29	-0.24	1.00	-0.61^**	-0.62^**
0.19	0.28	-0.27	0.20	0.21	0.40	-0.40	0.34	-0.61^**	1.00	0.99^**
0.30	0.29	-0.24	0.23	0.24	0.38	-0.38	0.33	-0.62^**	0.99^**	1.00

Table 12. Results of Pearson correlation coefficients between parameters in visual fatigue research (Saturation)

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Table 12. Results of Pearson correlation coefficients between parameters in visual fatigue research (Saturation)

Rate	RRI	SDNN	RMSSD	PNN50	LF_n	HF_n	LF/HF	Time	Amplitude	Peak Velocity
1.00	-0.98^**	-0.62^**	-0.76^**	-0.71^*	0.26	-0.26	0.27	-0.28	0.19	0.18
-0.98^**	1.00	0.75^**	0.75^**	0.81^*	-0.35	0.35	0.41^*	0.19	-0.22	-0.21
-0.62^**	0.75^**	1.00	0.89^**	0.87^**	-0.32	0.32	-0.10	0.19	-0.22	-0.21
-0.76^**	0.75^**	0.89^**	1.00	0.98^**	-0.49^*	0.49^*	-0.43^*	0.15	-0.13	-0.12
-0.71^*	0.81^*	0.87^**	0.98^**	1.00	-0.51^*	0.51^*	-0.41^*	0.15	-0.12	-0.11
0.26	-0.35	-0.32	-0.49^*	-0.51^*	1.00	-1.00^**	0.94^**	0.19	-0.29	-0.29
-0.26	0.35	0.32	0.49^*	0.51^*	-1.00^**	1.00	-0.94^**	-0.19	0.29	0.29
0.27	0.41^*	-0.10	-0.43^*	-0.41^*	0.94^**	-0.94^**	1.00	0.14	-0.31	-0.30
-0.28	0.19	0.19	0.15	0.15	0.19	-0.19	0.14	1.00	-0.81^**	-0.80^**
0.19	-0.22	-0.22	-0.13	-0.12	-0.29	0.29	-0.31	-0.81^**	1.00	0.99^**
0.18	-0.21	-0.21	-0.12	-0.11	-0.29	0.29	-0.30	-0.80^**	0.99^**	1.00

Table 13. Factors naming and results of univariate ANOVA in visual fatigue research

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Table 13. Factors naming and results of univariate ANOVA in visual fatigue research

视疲劳研究	因子命名	高荷载成分	df	Sig.	η²
白场亮度	白场亮度微眼跳因子	Time、Amplitude、Peak Velocity	1	0.102
	白场亮度时域因子	Heart rate、RRI、RMSSD、PNN50	1	0.024	0.385
	白场亮度频域因子	LF_n、HF_n、LF/HF	1	0.036	0.340
饱和度	饱和度微眼跳因子	Time、Amplitude、Peak Velocity	1	0.933
	饱和度时域因子	Heart rate、RRI、SDNN、RMSSD、PNN50	1	0.216
	饱和度频域因子	LF_n、HF_n、LF/HF	1	0.463

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Nian-fang ZHU, Yan TU, Li-li WANG, Yi-dong LIN, Yun-yang SHI. Influence of white level and color saturation of LCD smartphone on visual comfort and visual fatigue[J]. Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays, 2022, 37(8): 1008

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Paper Information

Category: Research Articles

Received: Mar. 4, 2022

Accepted: --

Published Online: Aug. 15, 2022

The Author Email: Yan TU (tuyan@seu.edu.cn)

DOI:10.37188/CJLCD.2022-0073

Topics

Table 1. Adjusting coefficients of white level along with corresponding gray level and measured luminance

Table 1. Adjusting coefficients of white level along with corresponding gray level and measured luminance

Table 2. Adjusting coefficients of color saturation along with corresponding chromatic aberration and measured color gamut

Table 2. Adjusting coefficients of color saturation along with corresponding chromatic aberration and measured color gamut

Table 3. Subjective questionnaire scale

Table 3. Subjective questionnaire scale

Table 4. Physiological parameters

Table 4. Physiological parameters

Table 5. Visual function parameters and microsaccade parameters

Table 5. Visual function parameters and microsaccade parameters

Table 6. Results of univariate ANOVA for parameters in visual comfort research

Table 6. Results of univariate ANOVA for parameters in visual comfort research

Table 7. Results of Pearson correlation coefficients between parameters in visual comfort research (White level)

Table 7. Results of Pearson correlation coefficients between parameters in visual comfort research (White level)

Table 8. Results of Pearson correlation coefficients between parameters in visual comfort research (Saturation)

Table 8. Results of Pearson correlation coefficients between parameters in visual comfort research (Saturation)

Table 9. Factors naming and results of univariate ANOVA in visual comfort research

Table 9. Factors naming and results of univariate ANOVA in visual comfort research

Table 10. Results of univariate ANOVA for parameters in visual fatigue research

Table 10. Results of univariate ANOVA for parameters in visual fatigue research

Table 11. Results of Pearson correlation coefficients between parameters in visual fatigue research (White level)

Table 11. Results of Pearson correlation coefficients between parameters in visual fatigue research (White level)

Table 12. Results of Pearson correlation coefficients between parameters in visual fatigue research (Saturation)

Table 12. Results of Pearson correlation coefficients between parameters in visual fatigue research (Saturation)

Table 13. Factors naming and results of univariate ANOVA in visual fatigue research

Table 13. Factors naming and results of univariate ANOVA in visual fatigue research