Fig. 1. Schematic of PLD fundamental^[4]

Fig. 2. Metal thin films prepared by PLD. (a) Dense and loose composite structure silver nanoparticle film and its preparation principle^[31];(b) porous silver nanoparticle film^[19];(c) silver nanoisland thin film^[33];(d) Au nanocolumn thin film^[37]; (e) columnar structure niobium thin film^[41]

Fig. 3. Supersaturated AgCu alloy nanoparticle film fabricated by PLD^[48]. (a) SEM image of film; (b) TEM image of supersaturated AgCu alloy nanoparticles; (c) EDS result of Ag element distribution; (d) EDS result of Cu element distribution

Fig. 4. Carbon films fabricated by PLD. (a) TEM image of graphene^[57]; (b) FESEM image of DLC particle film^[61]; (c) STEM image of graphene-oxide-like film^[59]; (d) SEM image of foam structure carbon film^[64]

Fig. 5. Compound films fabricated by PLD. (a) SEM image of GaSe nano lamellar membrane structure^[67]; (b) TEM image of ultra-thin SnSe₂ film; (c) atomic resolution HAADF-STEM image of (La_0.2Pr_0.2Nd_0.2Sm_0.2 Eu_0.2)₂CuO₄ with Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) structure and its crystal structure^[80]; (d) HAADF-STEM image of single crystal Fe₃O₄ film^[72]; (e) SEM image of amorphous BErT thin film^[9]; (f) high resolution TEM image of ultra-thin amorphous BP(a-BP) film^[81]

Fig. 6. Composite films fabricated by PLD. (a) STEM image of SRO/BTO/SRO heterostructure^[90]; (b) SEM image and structure diagram of BaTiO₃/Fe₃O₄ heterostructure^[92]; (c) STEM image of three-demension NZFO/BTO column nanocomposite film^[94]; (d) SEM image of CuO-ZnO nanorod composite film and TEM image of single CuO-ZnO nanorod^[95]; (e) HAADF image (left), LAADF image (middle), and the magnified HAADF image (right) of CeO₂/Y₂O₃ nanobrush structure^[96]; (f) cross section TEM image and structure diagram of Li₂MnO₃-Au nanocomposite film with inclined gold column^[97]