Fig. 1. Ultrasound-assisted laser wire additive manufacturing. (a) Platform device; (b) manufacturing process

Fig. 2. Cross-section diagram of sedimentary layer

Fig. 3. Cross sections and morphology parameters of single-pass sedimentary layers under different ultrasonic power proportions. (a)‒(f) Cross sections of sedimentary layers; (g) morphology parameters of sedimentary layer

Fig. 4. Grain orientations and grain size distributions for single-pass deposition under different ultrasonic power proportions. (a)‒(f) Grain orientations and grain sizes; (g) average grain size and legend

Fig. 5. Cross sections and morphology parameters of sedimentary layers at different ultrasonic input positions. (a)‒(i) Cross sections of sedimentary layers; (j) morphology parameters of sedimentary layer

Fig. 6. Grain orientations and grain sizes for single-pass deposition at different ultrasound input positions. (a)-(i) Grain orientations and grain sizes; (j) average grain sizes at different ultrasound input positions and legend

Fig. 7. Cross sections and morphology parameters of sedimentary layer under different ultrasonic amplitude transformer pressures. (a)-(f) Cross sections of sedimentary layers; (g) morphology parameters of sedimentary layer

Fig. 8. Grain orientations and grain size distributions for single-pass deposition at different amplitude transformer pressures. (a)‒(g) Grain orientations and grain sizes ; (h) average grain sizes at different amplitude transformer pressures and legend

Fig. 9. Multilayer deposition microstructures without ultrasonic wave

Fig. 10. Ultrasound-assisted multilayer deposition microstructures

Fig. 11. Grain orientations and grain sizes for multilayer deposition. (a) Without ultrasound; (b) ultrasonic assistance

Fig. 12. Schematics of ultrasonic equation and cavitation effect. (a) Ultrasonic cosine equation; (b) ultrasonic cavitation principle

Fig. 13. XRD and EDS results of multilayer deposited samples