Fig. 1. Illustration of atmospheric radiative transfer process in the mid-infrared spectrum

Fig. 2. Flowchart of the technical route

Fig. 3. The total radiance received by the sensor and the relative percentage change of radiance at different STs

Fig. 4. The polar plot of scattering angles：the hollow circles represent the chosen observational geometry

Fig. 5. The rate of radiation change of surface temperature：（a），（b），（c） and （d） respectively represent the linear fitting results of RRC at 3.5，3.75，4.0 and 4.75 μm，each scatter point represents the mean calculated by 10 sets of observational geometry（the same below）

Fig. 6. The total radiance received by the sensor and the relative percentage change of radiance at different SEs

Fig. 7. The components of radiation and ratio of radiation components in MIR：（a） the variation of the radiation component；（b） the proportion of ground reflected radiation and surface emission radiation in TR

Fig. 8. The polar plot of scattering angles： θs is set to 20°，the hollow circles represent the chosen observational geometry

Fig. 9. Relationship between surface emissivity and total radiance

Fig. 10. The rate of radiation change of surface emissivity

Fig. 11. The heatmaps of total radiance under coupling of surface temperature and emissivity

Fig. 12. Changes of MIR radiation components under different atmospheric profiles

Fig. 13. Dual y-axis plots of TR and RPC under different atmospheric profiles

Fig. 14. The total radiance received by the sensor and the relative percentage change of radiance at different WVC concentrations

Fig. 15. The rate of radiation change of WVC

Fig. 16. The total radiance received by the sensor and the relative percentage change of radiance at different ozone column concentrations

Fig. 17. The total radiance received by the sensor and the relative percentage change of radiance at different CO₂ mixing ratios

Fig. 18. The total radiance received by the sensor and the relative percentage change of radiance at different AODs

Fig. 19. The total radiance received by the sensor and the relative percentage change of radiance at different COTs

Fig. 20. The rate of radiation change of COT

Fig. 21. The polar plot of scattering angles： the pentagrams represent the chosen observational geometry

Fig. 22. Comparison of TR between MM and SS in six MODIS MIR channels

Fig. 23. Comparison of TR between SS considering CMR and MM in MODIS 24 channel