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Acta Optica Sinica, Volume. 44, Issue 10, 1026011(2024)

Spatio-Temporal Control of Ultra-Fast Pulses Using Metasurfaces (Invited)

Lu Chen1、***, Mingjie He2, Qiang Wu1,2、**, and Jingjun Xu1,2、*
Author Affiliations
  • 1School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
  • 2TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
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    Figures & Tables(11)
    Fourier pulse shaping using a dielectric metasurface[88]. (a) Schematic of pulse-shaping system; (b) side view and (c) top view of a unit nanopillar inside superpixel Sk, respectively

    Fig. 1. Fourier pulse shaping using a dielectric metasurface[88]. (a) Schematic of pulse-shaping system; (b) side view and (c) top view of a unit nanopillar inside superpixel Sk, respectively

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    Phase control of ultrafast pulses enabled by metasurfaces[88]. (a) Spectral phase and (b) temporal intensity plots for metasurface-enabled pulse compression; (c) selecting geometric dimensions of nanopillars meeting design requirements from nanopillar library calculated by RCWA; (d) spectral phase and (e) temporal intensity plots for metasurface-enabled higher-order phase modulation; (f) schematic of implementing third-order polynomial phase function modulation using metasurfaces; (g) spectral phase shift functions available through cascading metasurfaces with 16 possible combinations

    Fig. 2. Phase control of ultrafast pulses enabled by metasurfaces[88]. (a) Spectral phase and (b) temporal intensity plots for metasurface-enabled pulse compression; (c) selecting geometric dimensions of nanopillars meeting design requirements from nanopillar library calculated by RCWA; (d) spectral phase and (e) temporal intensity plots for metasurface-enabled higher-order phase modulation; (f) schematic of implementing third-order polynomial phase function modulation using metasurfaces; (g) spectral phase shift functions available through cascading metasurfaces with 16 possible combinations

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    Amplitude and phase control of ultrafast pulses enabled by metasurfaces[88]. (a) Schematic of rectangular nanopillar array; (b) simultaneous, independent amplitude and phase control; (c) SEM image of metasurface capable of pulse splitting, scale bar is 1 μm; (d) spectral phase, (e) spectral amplitude, and (f) temporal intensity plots for metasurface-enabled pulse splitting, respectively

    Fig. 3. Amplitude and phase control of ultrafast pulses enabled by metasurfaces[88]. (a) Schematic of rectangular nanopillar array; (b) simultaneous, independent amplitude and phase control; (c) SEM image of metasurface capable of pulse splitting, scale bar is 1 μm; (d) spectral phase, (e) spectral amplitude, and (f) temporal intensity plots for metasurface-enabled pulse splitting, respectively

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    Polarization control of ultrafast pulses enabled by metasurfaces[94]. (a) Simulated and (b) measured ultrafast pulses with customized time-varying polarization states; (c) simulated and (d) measured pulses when angle between the 1/4 wave plate and the x-axis is 0; (e) simulated and (f) measured pulses when angle between the 1/4 wave plate and the x-axis is π/4

    Fig. 4. Polarization control of ultrafast pulses enabled by metasurfaces[94]. (a) Simulated and (b) measured ultrafast pulses with customized time-varying polarization states; (c) simulated and (d) measured pulses when angle between the 1/4 wave plate and the x-axis is 0; (e) simulated and (f) measured pulses when angle between the 1/4 wave plate and the x-axis is π/4

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    Four-dimensional spatiotemporal ultrafast pulse control enabled by metasurface[95]. (a) Schematic of spatiotemporal Fourier pulse synthesizer; (b) simultaneous and independent control of phase, amplitude, polarization, and wavefront

    Fig. 5. Four-dimensional spatiotemporal ultrafast pulse control enabled by metasurface[95]. (a) Schematic of spatiotemporal Fourier pulse synthesizer; (b) simultaneous and independent control of phase, amplitude, polarization, and wavefront

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    Independent spatial and temporal control of ultrafast pulses enabled by metasurface[95]. (a) Amplitude, phase difference, and integrated intensity of pulse with abundant time-varying polarization states; (b) time-varying polarization states and interferometry images of shaped pulse; (c)(d) simulated superpixel boundary effects (scale bar is 5 mm)

    Fig. 6. Independent spatial and temporal control of ultrafast pulses enabled by metasurface[95]. (a) Amplitude, phase difference, and integrated intensity of pulse with abundant time-varying polarization states; (b) time-varying polarization states and interferometry images of shaped pulse; (c)(d) simulated superpixel boundary effects (scale bar is 5 mm)

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    Metasurface-enabled synthesis of ultrafast "light coil" and spatiotemporal pulse carrying time-varying OAM[95]. (a) Design principle of metasurface; (b) spatiotemporal "light coil"; (c) pulse carrying time-varying OAM

    Fig. 7. Metasurface-enabled synthesis of ultrafast "light coil" and spatiotemporal pulse carrying time-varying OAM[95]. (a) Design principle of metasurface; (b) spatiotemporal "light coil"; (c) pulse carrying time-varying OAM

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    TAM metasurface[96]. (a) Schematic of conventional J-plate metasurface; (b) schematic of TAM metasurface; (c) schematic of application of TAM metasurface

    Fig. 8. TAM metasurface[96]. (a) Schematic of conventional J-plate metasurface; (b) schematic of TAM metasurface; (c) schematic of application of TAM metasurface

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    STOV carrying transverse OAM. STOV generated using (a) LC-SLM and (b) phase plate in a Fourier setup[97-98]; (c) STOV generation in real space using metasurface spatiotemporal differentiator[99]

    Fig. 9. STOV carrying transverse OAM. STOV generated using (a) LC-SLM and (b) phase plate in a Fourier setup[97-98]; (c) STOV generation in real space using metasurface spatiotemporal differentiator[99]

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    Frequency-gradient metasurfaces[100]. (a) Schematic of phase-gradient metasurface; (b) schematic of frequency-gradient metasurface; (c) schematic of light-matter interaction between frequency-comb source and frequency-gradient metasurface; (d) dynamic light redirecting within picoseconds

    Fig. 10. Frequency-gradient metasurfaces[100]. (a) Schematic of phase-gradient metasurface; (b) schematic of frequency-gradient metasurface; (c) schematic of light-matter interaction between frequency-comb source and frequency-gradient metasurface; (d) dynamic light redirecting within picoseconds

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    • Table 1. Shaping characteristic comparison of liquid crystal based SLM and metasurface

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      Table 1. Shaping characteristic comparison of liquid crystal based SLM and metasurface

      StructureLiquid crystal based SLMMetasurface
      Dynamic controlProgrammableTypically passive, but can be actively tuned with external electrical, optical, mechanical, or thermal stimuli
      Spatial resolutionMicrometer-scaleNanometer-scale
      Phase only

      Single-layer;

      optical axis at 0°;

      output is exp(iα)10, α is effective retardation phase

      Single-layer square nanopillars;

      arbitrary orientation;

      output is exp(iφ)10, φ is propagation phase

      Polarization and phase

      Non-independent,

      single-layer;

      optical axis at 45°;

      output is expiα2cosα2isinα2

      Independent;

      double-layer (layers A and B);

      optical axes are A at 45° and B at -45°;

      output is expiαA+αB2cosαA-αB2i sinαA-αB2, αA and αB are the effective retardation phase for layer A and B, respectively

      Independent;

      single-layer rectangular nanopillars;

      axis is oriented at θ;

      output is exp(iφ1)cos2θ+exp(iφ2)sin2θ[exp(iφ1)-exp(iφ2)]cos θsin θ,

      φ1 and φ2 are the propagation phase along the two birefringent axes of the nanopillar, respectively

      Amplitude and phase

      Non-independent;

      single-layer, same as above;

      add a linear polarizer at output

      Independent;

      double-layer, same as above;

      add a linear polarizer at output

      Independent;

      single-layer rectangular nanopillars, same as above;

      add a linear polarizer at output

      Independent;

      single-layer but 2D array;

      add a grating function in y-axis

      Independent;

      single-layer square nanopillars and add a grating function in y-axis

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    Lu Chen, Mingjie He, Qiang Wu, Jingjun Xu. Spatio-Temporal Control of Ultra-Fast Pulses Using Metasurfaces (Invited)[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2024, 44(10): 1026011

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    Paper Information

    Category: Physical Optics

    Received: Feb. 29, 2024

    Accepted: Apr. 7, 2024

    Published Online: May. 6, 2024

    The Author Email: Lu Chen (lchen@nankai.edu.cn), Qiang Wu (wuqiang@nankai.edu.cn), Jingjun Xu (jjxu@nankai.edu.cn)

    DOI:10.3788/AOS240670

    CSTR:32393.14.AOS240670

    Topics

    laser devices and laser physics
    Lasers and Laser Optics
    Laser physics
    laser manufacturing
    Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology