Fig. 1. Experimental flowchart

Fig. 2. Meshing of three-dimensional finite element model of copper-plated glass

Fig. 3. Pulse energy distribution of monopulse Gaussian beam of nanosecond laser

Fig. 4. Original laser pulse energy and Fourier transform pulse energy at current intensity of 27 A. (a) Original pulse; (b) n=100; (c) n=500; (d) n=1000

Fig. 5. Transient temperature field distribution of copper-plated glass model with different welding time when the thickness of copper film is 100 nm, the current intensity is 27 A, and the welding speed is 70 mm/s. (a) 2.0111×10^-3 s; (b) 6.0111×10^-3 s; (c) 1.0011×10^-2 s; (d) 1.4011×10^-2 s

Fig. 6. Temperature distribution around the center of the light spot when the welding time is 7.5×10^-3 s

Fig. 7. Change trend of maximum temperature of welding model with time at different current intensities. (a) 26 A; (b) 27 A; (c) 28 A

Fig. 8. Distribution of transient stress fields of copper-plated glass model with different welding time when the thickness of copper film is 100 nm, the current intensity is 27 A, and the welding speed is 70 mm/s. (a) 2.0111×10^-3 s; (b) 6.0111×10^-3 s; (c) 1.0011×10^-2 s; (d) 1.4011×10^-2 s

Fig. 9. Distribution of thermal stress perpendicular to the welding line when the welding time is 7.5×10^-3 s

Fig. 10. Trend graph of maximum total thermal stress of copper-plated glass model changed with weld speed at film thickness of 100 nm

Fig. 11. Schematic of welding samples

Fig. 12. Schematic of tensile test

Fig. 13. Physical drawing of sample after welding

Fig. 14. Physical drawings of fractured samples. (a) Thickness of copper film is 60 nm; (b) thickness of copper film is 100 nm

Fig. 15. Welding sample tensile curve

Fig. 16. Trends in tensile strength of welding samples with welding speed

Fig. 17. Variation of tensile strength of welding samples with copper plating thickness