[1] Koes B W, van Tulder M W, Thomas S. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain[J]. BMJ, 332, 1430-1434(2006).

[2] Qin Z S, Zang Z W, Wu J N et al. Efficacy of acupuncture for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndromes: study protocol for a randomized, sham acupuncture-controlled trial[J]. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16, 440(2016).

[3] Zhang Y H, Wu T, Shen W et al. Effect of Fu’s subcutaneous needling on thickness and elasticity of affected muscles in shoulder neck pain based on ultrasonic elastography[J]. Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion, 40, 939-941(2020).

[4] Wang I L, Chen Y M, Hu R et al. Effect of acupuncture on muscle endurance in the female shoulder joint: a pilot study[J]. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2020, 9786367(2020).

[5] Joo Y B, Park K S. Gold thread acupuncture for rheumatoid arthritis[J]. The New England Journal of Medicine, 377, e27(2017).

[6] Xu M, Li D, Zhang S et al. Acupuncture for acute stroke[J]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 49, e237-e238(2018).

[7] Angus-Leppan H. Manual acupuncture for migraine[J]. BMJ, 368, m1096(2020).

[8] Ellis C T, Skalaban L J, Yates T S et al. Re-imagining fMRI for awake behaving infants[J]. Nature Communications, 11, 4523(2020).

[9] Kay K, Jamison K W, Zhang R Y et al. A temporal decomposition method for identifying venous effects in task-based fMRI[J]. Nature Methods, 17, 1033-1039(2020).

[10] Finn E S, Huber L, Bandettini P A. Higher and deeper: bringing layer fMRI to association cortex[J]. Progress in Neurobiology, 207, 101930(2021).

[11] Farhadi A, Ho G H, Sawyer D P et al. Ultrasound imaging of gene expression in mammalian cells[J]. Science, 365, 1469-1475(2019).

[12] Lumish M A, Maron S B, Paroder V et al. Imaging HER2-positive metastatic esophagogastric cancer with 89Zr-trastuzumab PET and 18F-FDG PET[J]. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 39, 4068(2021).

[13] Stortz G, Thiessen J D, Bishop D et al. Performance of a PET insert for high-resolution small-animal PET/MRI at 7 tesla[J]. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 59, 536-542(2018).

[14] Sonka M, Abràmoff M D. Quantitative analysis of retinal OCT[J]. Medical Image Analysis, 33, 165-169(2016).

[15] Mu S Q, Dong D S, Shi K B. Label-free optical imaging technology[J]. Laser＆Optoelectronics Progress, 59, 1200001(2022).

[16] Fahy E J, Lavin C, Abbas D et al. Temperature influence on scanning laser Doppler flowmetry in anesthetized mice[J]. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 233, e157(2021).

[17] Bou E, Ly A, Roul J et al. Compact system for in situ laser Doppler velocimetry of blood flow[J]. Biomedical Optics Express, 10, 5862-5876(2019).

[18] Uchida S, Kagitani F. Effect of acupuncture-like stimulation on cortical cerebral blood flow in aged rats[J]. The Journal of Physiological Sciences, 65, 67-75(2015).

[19] Kim J H, Choi K H, Jang Y J et al. Electroacupuncture acutely improves cerebral blood flow and attenuates moderate ischemic injury via an endothelial mechanism in mice[J]. PLoS One, 8, e56736(2013).

[20] Takayama S, Watanabe M, Kusuyama H et al. Evaluation of the effects of acupuncture on blood flow in humans with ultrasound color Doppler imaging[J]. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012, 513638(2012).

[21] Tian Y Y, Wang G J, Huang T et al. Impacts on skin blood flow under moving cupping along meridians in different directions[J]. Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion, 33, 247-251(2013).

[22] Emmanuel A V, Kamm M A. Laser Doppler measurement of rectal mucosal blood flow[J]. Gut, 45, 64-69(1999).

[23] Petrig B L, Riva C E, Hayreh S S. Laser Doppler flowmetry and optic nerve head blood flow[J]. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 127, 413-425(1999).

[24] Wang R K, Zhang Q Q, Li Y D et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography-based capillary velocimetry[J]. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 22, 066008(2017).

[25] Ruaro B, Pizzorni C, Trombetta A C et al. OP0128 evaluation of peripheral blood perfusion by laser speckle contrast analysis in systemic sclerosis patients treated with aminaphtone[J]. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 75, 104(2016).

[26] Kong P, Cao Y J, Xu C W et al. Detection of the therapeutic effect of acupuncture by laser speckle blood perfusion imaging[J]. Optik, 172, 1155-1161(2018).

[27] Kwon S, Lee Y, Park H J et al. Coarse needle surface potentiates analgesic effect elicited by acupuncture with twirling manipulation in rats with nociceptive pain[J]. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17, 1-10(2017).

[28] Kim K W, Hong S, Kim H S et al. Physiological impact of nanoporous acupuncture needles: laser Doppler perfusion imaging in healthy volunteers[J]. PLoS One, 14, e0226304(2019).

[29] Uchida S, Hotta H. Acupuncture affects regional blood flow in various organs[J]. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 5, 843831(2008).

[30] Zhang D, Li S Y, Wang S Y et al. Evaluation of influence of acupuncture and electro-acupuncture for blood perfusion of stomach by laser Doppler blood perfusion imaging[J]. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011, 969231(2011).

[31] Wang S Y, Zhang D, Tang L M et al. Effects of electroacupuncture stimulation at “Zusanli” acupoint on hepatic NO release and blood perfusion in mice[J]. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, 826805(2015).

[32] Wu M T, Sheen J M, Chuang K H et al. Neuronal specificity of acupuncture response: a fMRI study with electroacupuncture[J]. NeuroImage, 16, 1028-1037(2002).

[33] Zhang J H, Cao X D, Lie J et al. Neuronal specificity of needling acupoints at same meridian: a control functional magnetic resonance imaging study with electroacupuncture[J]. Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research, 32, 179-193(2007).

[34] Na B J, Jahng G H, Park S U et al. An fMRI study of neuronal specificity of an acupoint: electroacupuncture stimulation of Yanglingquan (GB34) and its sham point[J]. Neuroscience Letters, 464, 1-5(2009).

[35] Li L L, Liu X W, Wu F et al. Electroacupuncture stimulation of language-implicated acupoint Tongli (HT 5) in healthy subjects: an fMRI evaluation study[J]. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 24, 822-829(2018).

[36] Litscher G, Wang L, Huber E et al. Changed skin blood perfusion in the fingertip following acupuncture needle introduction as evaluated by laser Doppler perfusion imaging[J]. Lasers in Medical Science, 17, 19-25(2002).

[37] Zhang W B, Wang L L, Xie H H et al. Comparison of acupuncture effect on blood perfusion between needling nonacupoint on meridian and needling nonacupoint off meridian[J]. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 426052(2013).

[38] Hsiu H, Huang S M, Chao P T et al. Microcirculatory characteristics of acupuncture points obtained by laser Doppler flowmetry[J]. Physiological Measurement, 28, N77-N86(2007).

[39] Gao Y C, Lin W P, Zhou S S et al. Treatment of rosacea using acupuncture for improving the local skin microcirculation: a case report[J]. Medicine, 97, e11931(2018).

[40] Vanzini M, Gallamini M. Laser acupuncture in open-angle glaucoma treatment: a retrospective study of eye blood flow[J]. Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, 13, 40-47(2020).

[41] Blom M, Lundeberg T, Dawidson I et al. Effects on local blood flux of acupuncture stimulation used to treat xerostomia in patients suffering from Sjögren’s syndrome[J]. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 20, 541-548(1993).

[42] Bai X D. The research of effectiveness of electric acupuncture on blood perfusion, metabolism and vasoactive substances on acute alcoholic liver injury mice[D](2014).

[43] Wen M, Li S Y, Wang S Y et al. Intervention effect of electro-acupuncture on alcoholic liver mice in different time periods[J]. China Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 30, 2114-2117(2015).

[44] Min S, Lee H, Kim S Y et al. Local changes in microcirculation and the analgesic effects of acupuncture: a laser Doppler perfusion imaging study[J]. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 21, 46-52(2015).

[45] Scholkmann F, Kleiser S, Metz A J et al. A review on continuous wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging instrumentation and methodology[J]. NeuroImage, 85, 6-27(2014).

[46] Munk N, Symons B, Shang Y et al. Noninvasively measuring the hemodynamic effects of massage on skeletal muscle: a novel hybrid near-infrared diffuse optical instrument[J]. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 16, 22-28(2012).

[47] Gao C Y, Wang M, He L et al. Alternations of hemodynamic parameters during Chinese cupping therapy assessed by an embedded near-infrared spectroscopy monitor[J]. Biomedical Optics Express, 10, 196-203(2019).

[48] Leow M Q H, Cui S L, Cao T G et al. Measuring the effects of acupuncture on muscle stiffness with shear wave elastography[J]. Acupuncture in Medicine, 35, 304-306(2017).

[49] Itoh K, Minakawa Y, Kitakoji H. Effect of acupuncture depth on muscle pain[J]. Chinese Medicine, 6, 24(2011).

[50] Kimura K, Ryujin T, Uno M et al. The effect of electroacupuncture with different frequencies on muscle oxygenation in humans[J]. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, 620785(2015).

[51] Hou L, Liu Y Q, Qian L X et al. Portable near-infrared technologies and devices for noninvasive assessment of tissue hemodynamics[J]. Journal of Healthcare Engineering, 2019, 3750495(2019).

[52] Kovacsova Z, Bale G, Mitra S et al. Absolute quantification of cerebral tissue oxygen saturation with multidistance broadband NIRS in newborn brain[J]. Biomedical Optics Express, 12, 907-925(2021).

[53] Litscher G, Wang L, Huber E. Changes in cerebral near infrared spectroscopy parameters during manual acupuncture needle stimulation[J]. Biomedical Engineering, 47, 76-79(2002).

[54] Litscher G, Schwarz G, Sandner-Kiesling A et al. Effects of acupuncture on the oxygenation of cerebral tissue[J]. Neurological Research, 20, S28-S32(1998).

[55] Takamoto K, Hori E, Urakawa S et al. Cerebral hemodynamic responses induced by specific acupuncture sensations during needling at trigger points: a near-infrared spectroscopic study[J]. Brain Topography, 23, 279-291(2010).

[56] Ghafoor U, Lee J H, Hong K S et al. Effects of acupuncture therapy on MCI patients using functional near-infrared spectroscopy[J]. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 11, 237(2019).

[57] Khan M N A, Ghafoor U, Yoo H R et al. Acupuncture enhances brain function in patients with mild cognitive impairment: evidence from a functional-near infrared spectroscopy study[J]. Neural Regeneration Research, 17, 1850-1856(2022).

[58] Chen J, Li H, Zeng C et al. Evaluation of the recovery outcome of poststroke cognitive impairment after cluster needling of scalp acupuncture therapy based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy[J]. Brain and Behavior, 10, e01731(2020).

[59] Lee S H, Park S S, Jang J H et al. Effects of acupuncture treatment on functional brain networks of Parkinson's disease patients during treadmill walking: an fNIRS study[J]. Applied Sciences, 10, 8954(2020).

[60] Zhang Y F, Han Y D, Zhao Z T et al. Effect of acupuncture on blood oxygen concentration in brain of rats with post-traumatic stress disorder based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy[J]. Journal of Acupuncture and Tuina Science, 17, 9-15(2019).

[61] Liu D Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y et al. LSTM-based recurrent neural network for noise suppression in fNIRS neuroimaging: network design and pilot validation[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 48, 1918007(2021).

[62] Hu S, Maslov K, Wang L V. Second-generation optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy with improved sensitivity and speed[J]. Optics Letters, 36, 1134-1136(2011).

[63] Wu Z Y, Duan F, Zhang J D et al. In vivo dual-scale photoacoustic surveillance and assessment of burn healing[J]. Biomedical Optics Express, 10, 3425-3433(2019).

[64] Chen R H, Huang S S, Lin T T et al. Photoacoustic molecular imaging-escorted adipose photodynamic–browning synergy for fighting obesity with virus-like complexes[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 16, 455-465(2021).

[65] Wong T T W, Zhang R Y, Zhang C et al. Label-free automated three-dimensional imaging of whole organs by microtomy-assisted photoacoustic microscopy[J]. Nature Communications, 8, 1386(2017).

[66] Ahn J, Kim J Y, Choi W et al. High-resolution functional photoacoustic monitoring of vascular dynamics in human fingers[J]. Photoacoustics, 23, 100282(2021).

[67] Liba O, de la Zerda A. Photoacoustic tomography: breathtaking whole-body imaging[J]. Nature Biomedical Engineering, 1, 75(2017).

[68] Yang J M, Gong L, Xu X et al. Motionless volumetric photoacoustic microscopy with spatially invariant resolution[J]. Nature Communications, 8, 780(2017).

[69] Lin L, Hu P, Shi J H et al. Single-breath-hold photoacoustic computed tomography of the breast[J]. Nature Communications, 9, 2352(2018).

[70] Wray P, Lin L, Hu P et al. Photoacoustic computed tomography of human extremities[J]. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 24, 026003(2019).

[71] Zhou Y, Tripathi S V, Rosman I et al. Noninvasive determination of melanoma depth using a handheld photoacoustic probe[J]. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 137, 1370-1372(2017).

[72] Nam S Y, Chung E, Suggs L J et al. Combined ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging to noninvasively assess burn injury and selectively monitor a regenerative tissue-engineered construct[J]. Tissue Engineering Part C, Methods, 21, 557-566(2015).

[73] Ding N, Liu X X, Chen N B et al. Lack of association between acupoint sensitization and microcirculatory structural changes in a mouse model of knee osteoarthritis: a pilot study[J]. Journal of Biophotonics, 12, e201800458(2019).

[74] Xi L, Jiang H B. High resolution three-dimensional photoacoustic imaging of human finger joints in vivo[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 107, 063701(2015).

[75] Jo J, Xu G, Cao M et al. A functional study of human inflammatory arthritis using photoacoustic imaging[J]. Scientific Reports, 7, 15026(2017).

[76] Li T T, Xu X L, Chen B Z et al. Photoacoustic imaging of acupuncture effect in small animals[J]. Biomedical Optics Express, 6, 433-442(2015).

[77] Chen B Z, Yang J G, Wu D et al. Photoacoustic imaging of cerebral hypoperfusion during acupuncture[J]. Biomedical Optics Express, 6, 3225-3234(2015).

[78] Yang J G, Wu D, Tang Y et al. Photoacoustic microscopy of electronic acupuncture (EA) effect in small animals[J]. Journal of Biophotonics, 10, 217-223(2017).

[79] Wu D, Zhang X X, Rong J et al. Photoacoustic molecular imaging using combined acupuncture and gold nanorods as a composite contrast agent[J]. Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences, 12, 1941004(2019).

[80] Li J, Li S, Chen J J et al. Progress and biomedical application of non-contact photoacoustic imaging[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 48, 1918005(2021).