Fig. 1. Coherent Doppler lidar schematic

Fig. 2. Transmittance of the atmosphere from visible light to near infrared bands at different zenith angles

Fig. 3. Laser gain medium and human eye maximum exposure rate in the near infrared band

Fig. 4. Relationship between fiber loss and wavelength

Fig. 5. Relationship between solar radiation and laser wavelength

Fig. 6. NASA coherent lidar installation diagram and wind velocity measurement results. (a) Lidar prototype; (b) wind speed measurement results

Fig. 7. Mitsubishi electric corporation airborne lidar wind velocity measurement results. (a) Results of wind velocity; (b) periodic change in vertical acceleration; (c) periodic change in outside air temperature

Fig. 8. Wind velocity measurement results of different radars. (a) Microwave radar; (b) Leosphere coherent lidar

Fig. 9. Halo-Photonics airborne lidar wind measurement results and boundary layer inversion results. (a) Coherent lidar backscatter coefficient; (b) vertical velocity standard deviation; (c) vertical velocity; (d) vertical velocity skewness

Fig. 10. All-fiber coherent wind lidar of USTC and results of wind velocity and direction. (a) Coherent lidar prototype; (b) wind velocity retrieved from both S and P states backscattering by single balanced detector, in which the inset shows the difference in velocity between S and P states; (c) horizontal wind speed; (d) horizontal wind direction

Fig. 11. Detection distance and pulse energy parameters of 1.5 μm lidar research institutions

Fig. 12. NOAA lidar wind velocity measurement results. (a) Radial velocity data; (b) corresponding relative backscatter intensity profile

Fig. 13. NASA lidar wind velocity and wind direction results measurement results. (a) Wind velocity; (b) wind direction

Fig. 14. Wind shear detected by Kowloon Observatory, Hong Kong, China

Fig. 15. Aircraft wake vortex detected by ONERA. (a) Radial velocity of wake vortex model; (b) 3D view of mean velocity images

Fig. 16. Results of vertical wind velocity error and mixed layer height

Fig. 17. (a) Horizontal wind perturbations and (b)wavelet power spectra measured at 1.8 km and 6.7 km altitude

Fig. 18. OUC lidar wind velocity measurement results. (a) Lidar prototype; (b) wind velocity measurement results