Fig. 1. Wideband waveguide modulator. (a) Three-dimensional structure; (b) cross-sectional structure in x-y plane; (c) schematic of normalized electric field distribution

Fig. 2. Relationship between permittivity and chemical potential of graphene at room temperature

Fig. 3. Relationship between mode loss and different parameters. (a) Chemical potential; (b) wavelength

Fig. 4. Effect of gap between nanowires and adjacent graphenes on modulation depth

Fig. 5. Relationship between radius of silicon nanowire and modulation depth

Fig. 6. Relationship between horizontal offset of silicon nanowire and modulation depth