Coding Technique for Distributed Fiber Sensors

Quancong Lin; Linghao Cheng; Lü Jie; Tianfang Zhang; Hao Liang; Baiou Guan

doi:10.3788/AOS231418

Acta Optica Sinica, Volume. 44, Issue 1, 0106013(2024)

Coding Technique for Distributed Fiber Sensors

Quancong Lin, Linghao Cheng^*, Lü Jie, Tianfang Zhang, Hao Liang^**, and Baiou Guan

Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fiber Sensing and Communication Technology, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong , China

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Figures & Tables(14)

Fig. 1. DOFS system based on coding pulse sequence (AWG: arbitrary waveform generator; AMP: amplifier; SOA: semiconductor amplifier; EDFA: erbium-doped fiber amplifier; ICR: integrated coherent receiver; DAQ: data acquisition)

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Fig. 2. Principle of Simplex coding technique^[16]

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Fig. 3. Binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation realized through EOM^[27]

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Fig. 4. AOM working principle and experimental device diagram^[31]. (a) Schematic diagram of basic working principle of AOM; (b) experimental setup for testing phase shifted pulsing method based on AOM

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Fig. 5. 64-element Frank sequence phase, constellation, and aperiodic autocorrelation functions^[45]. (a) Phase of 64-element Frank sequence; (b) constellation of 64-element Frank sequence; (c) aperiodic autocorrelation function of 64-element Frank sequence

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Fig. 6. M_F of some coding sequences with 256 bit^[45]

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Fig. 7. Constellations of 256-bit Frank sequence and its optimized sequence^[45]

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Fig. 8. Frank sequence waveform and phase diagram^[45]. (a) 200 MHz waveform carrying optimized Frank sequence generated by AWG and after AOM modulation; (b) phases carried by optimized Frank sequence in Fig. 8(a)

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Fig. 9. Φ-OTDR experimental setup of WFBG array with polyphase unimodular coding^[45]

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Fig. 10. Aperiodic autocorrelations of two sequences after 50 km fiber transmission^[45]. (a) Optimized Frank sequence with 1024 bit; (b) PRBS sequence with 1023 bit

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Table 1. Summary of performance of fiber optic Rayleigh sensors based on coding technology

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Table 1. Summary of performance of fiber optic Rayleigh sensors based on coding technology

Year	Author	Encoding type	Performance	Ref. No
1993	Jones M D	Simplex	Code length：4 bit； relative to Golay code or single pulse OTDR， noise power is reduced by 1.9 dB	［46］
2005	Lee et al.	Simplex	Sensing distance：20 km； compared with the traditional OTDR， coding gain is improved by 9.04 dB	［47］
2006	Lee et al.	Simplex	Code length：255 bit； SNR：9.2 dB	［16］
2008	Sahu et al.	CCPONS	Same measurement time and peak value； SNR is improved by 0.1 dB	［48］
2019	Zhang et al.	Digital linear frequency modulation（LFM）	Sensing distance：100 km； dynamic range is improved by 7 dB； spatial resolution is improved by 10 times	［49］
2019	Liao et al.	Golay	Sensing distance：23.8 km； smpling rate：4000 MHz； SNR：3 dB； coding gain：20 dB	［50］
2019	Wang et al.	Golay	Sensing distance：10 km； submeter gauge length and nanostrain resolution	［51］
2019	Mompó et al.	Biphase Legendre sequence	Scan rate：107 kHz； spatial resolution：10 cm； sensitivity：1.1 mrad/ $\sqrt[]{H z}$	［30］
2021	Tomboza et al.	Golay	Detection distance：1 km； good tracking ability	［52］
2023	Li et al.	Random sequence CPP	Distortion coefficient：9.23%； SIR（signal-to-interference ratio）：16.67 dB； SNR：21.99 dB	［29］

Table 2. Summary of performance of fiber optic Raman sensors based on coding technology

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Table 2. Summary of performance of fiber optic Raman sensors based on coding technology

Year	Author	Encoding type	Performance	Ref. No
2018	Wang et al.	Simplex	By increasing the code length，the temperature measurement error is reduced while maintaining the same spatial resolution	［17］
2018	Daiet al.	RZ Simplex and complementary RZ Simplex	Sensing distance：56 km； spatial resolution：10 m； sensing distance：50 km； temperature resolution：1.8 ℃	［18］
2020	Sunet al.	GO-code	Sensing distance：10.2 km； spatial resolution：2 m； measurement time：1 s； decoding time：1.6 ms	［25］
2023	Faralli et al.	Cyclic-Simplex and Simplex binary codes	Avoid performance degradation due to nonlinear effects and code word distortion	［19］

Table 3. Summary of performance of fiber optic Brillouin sensors based on coding technology

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Table 3. Summary of performance of fiber optic Brillouin sensors based on coding technology

Year	Author	Encoding type	Performance	Ref. No
2010	Soto et al.	Coding technique with RZ modulation format	Sensing distance：25 km； spatial resolution：1 m； coding gain：7.2 dB	［54］
2016	Denisovet al.	PRBS	Sensing distance：17.5 km； spatial resolution：8.3 mm	［55］
2017	Sun et al.	Rre-pumped Golay	Sensing distance：50 km； spatial resolution：70 cm； temperature resolution：<1.5 °C	［56］
2017	Wang et al.	Rre-depletion two-wavelength probe pulse	Sensing distance：10.164 km； spatial resolution：2 m； frequency instability of measurement：0.37 MHz	［23］
2018	Zan et al.	A pair of detection pulses of different durations	Sensing distance：350 m； spatial resolution：0.2 m； Brillouin frequency accuracy：3.2 MHz	［57］
2018	Li et al.	Golay-DPP	Sensing distance：10.164 km； spatial resolution：50 cm； frequency uncertainty：1.4 MHz	［58］
2020	Zan et al.	Golay	Sensing distance：1280 m； spatial resolution：40 cm； Brillouin frequency accuracy：3.47 MHz	［59］
2021	Zhou et al.	Hybrid aperiodic（HA）coding	Sensing distance：117.46 km； SNR：8 dB； measurement certainty：1.67 MHz	［60］
2022	Li et al.	Golay code under oversampling	Sensing distance：64 km； spatial resolution：6 m	［61］
2022	Wei et al.	Golay	Sensing distance：9.63 km； spatial resolution：0.5 m	［62］
2022	Wang et al.	Random coding	Code length：512 bit； coding gain：11.93 dB	［21］

Table 4. Summary of performance of fiber weak grating array sensors based on coding technology

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Table 4. Summary of performance of fiber weak grating array sensors based on coding technology

Year	Author	Encoding type	Performance	Ref. No
2018	Dorize et al.	Two mutually orthogonal complementary Golay sequence pairs	Number of fiber Bragg gratings：10； bandwidth coverage：18 kHz	［71］
2019	Fu et al.	Interferometric-noise-suppressing Golay	In the case of similar SNR； acquisition time is reduced to 1/8； temperature sensitivity linearity：0.9986； wavelength demodulation error：±5 pm	［72］
2022	Tang et al.	Golay	Sensing distance：1.5 km ultra-weak fiber Bragg grating（UWFBG）； Compared with the individual pulse system， SNR is improved by 4. 6 dB	［73］
2023	Zhang et al.	PRBS	Crosstalk rejection ratio：50 dB； dynamic range：30 dB	［74］
2023	Zhang et al.	Polyphase unimodular sequence	Sensing distance：50 km； crosstalk rejection ratio can be enhanced by more than 10 dB over that of PRBS	［45］

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Quancong Lin, Linghao Cheng, Lü Jie, Tianfang Zhang, Hao Liang, Baiou Guan. Coding Technique for Distributed Fiber Sensors[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2024, 44(1): 0106013

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Paper Information

Category: Fiber Optics and Optical Communications

Received: Aug. 15, 2023

Accepted: Sep. 28, 2023

Published Online: Jan. 12, 2024

The Author Email: Cheng Linghao (chenglh@ieee.org), Liang Hao (tlianghao@jnu.edu.cn)

DOI:10.3788/AOS231418

CSTR:32393.14.AOS231418

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