Fig. 1. Principle schematic diagram of the W/316L stainless steel system with flat and rough substrates(a) 3D model with a flat substrate, (b) 2D model with a flat substrate, (c) 3D model with a rough substrate, (d) 2D model with a rough substrate

Fig. 2. Simplied diagram of the interface of the system with a rough substrate

Fig. 3. Mesh partitioning of the W/316L stainless steel system model (a) Overall mesh of the model with a smooth substrate, (b) Mesh detail near the smooth interface, (c) Overall mesh of the model with a rough substrate, (d) Mesh detail near the rough interface

Fig. 4. Thermal distribution in the W/316L stainless steel system (a) Smooth substrate system, (b) Rough substrate system

Fig. 5. Cloud contour of relationship between the surface amplitude of the 316L stainless steel substrate and the thermal stress of the system (a) A=1 μm, (b) A=1.2 μm, (c) A=1.4 μm, (d) A=1.6 μm, (e) A=1.8 μm, (f) A=2.0 μm

Fig. 6. Effect of the surface half wavelength of the 316L stainless steel substrate on the thermal stress of the system(a) A=1 μm, (b) A=1.2 μm, (c) A=1.4 μm, (d) A=1.6 μm

Fig. 7. Effect of the temperature on the thermal stress of the W/316L stainless steel system

Fig. 8. Effect of the coating thickness on the thermal stress of the W/316L stainless steel system

Fig. 9. Effect of the substrate thickness on the thermal stress of the W/316L stainless steel system

Fig. 10. Distribution of shear stress along the interface (a) Smooth substrate system, (b) Rough substrate system