Fig. 1. Head-mounted miniature light field microscope^[51]. (a) Explosion (left) and section (right) diagrams of MiniLFM; (b) examples of MiniLFM PSFs; (c) example of a MiniLFM raw sensor image

Fig. 2. Optical path configuration of micro head-mounted device for maximizing scattered fluorescence collection^[72].(a) Schematic of m3PM headpiece; (b) optical layout of m3PM headpiece

Fig. 3. Head-mounted dual-modal imaging platform^[78]. (a) Schematic of simultaneous imaging of vascular oxygen metabolism and neural Ca²⁺ dynamics in freely moving mice; (b) design of the miniature microscope; (c) photograph of a freely moving mouse wearing the head-mounted dual-modal microscope; (d) FOV measurement by imaging a grid array with 100 μm grid spacing

Fig. 4. Applications of head-mounted miniscope in neuroscience research.(a) Causal relationship analysis between natural behaviors and neural activity; (b) in vivo pathological mechanism studies in neural disease models; (c) drug screening and pharmacological evaluation; (d) development of neural signal-driven closed-loop brain-computer interfaces

Fig. 5. Wireless calcium imaging and spatial movement patterns in freely flying bats^[94]. (a) Schematic of bats carrying a wireless miniature microscope system during flight; (b) GRIN lens was implanted above dorsal CA1; (c) two example maximum intensity projections from one bat, separated by 3 days; (d) flight room schematic and experimental paradigm; (e) representative flight paths across a single session from three different example bats

Fig. 6. Future directions of head-mounted miniaturized microscopes. (a) Wireless data transmission and wireless power supply in head-mounted miniaturized microscopic imaging systems; (b) various types of voltage indicators; (c) deep learning-integrated computational imaging networks; (d) animal behavior analysis via edge computing device NVIDIA Jetson Orin NX and DeepLabCut