In recent years, head-mounted miniaturized microscopy technology has witnessed transformative breakthroughs in neuroscience research through continuous innovation, shifting from instrumental advancement to scientific discovery. Characterized by its miniaturized structure, single-cell resolution, and long-term stable imaging capabilities, this technology successfully overcomes the spatial limitations of traditional fixed-microscopy systems, offering a revolutionary observation window for dynamic analysis of neural circuits in freely behaving animals. Technical developments have followed three main trends: single-photon fluorescence microscopes enable multi-region synchronization through optical optimization; multiphoton microscopes break through deep-tissue imaging barriers with miniaturized scanning modules; and multimodal integrated systems combine optogenetics, electrophysiology, and photoacoustic imaging to advance neurovascular coupling research. At the scientific application level, this technology has expanded to cover decoding neural encoding mechanisms in natural behavioral contexts, in vivo pathological tracking of neurological disease models, drug screening and pharmacological evaluation, and development of closed-loop brain-computer interfaces driven by neural signals. This review systematically summarizes the core advancements in head-mounted microscopy technology and its applications in brain science research, analyzes current technical bottlenecks, and anticipates future technological directions and applications based on emerging technologies such as wireless data transmission and charging, deep learning computational imaging, voltage imaging, and multimodal data fusion. It provides theoretical frameworks and technical roadmaps for the development of next-generation neural observation tools.