Fig. 1. (a) Laser created microstructures on the surface of single crystal silicon, PDMS, PLGA and ORMOCER; (b) fluorescence microscopy images of live (green) and dead (yellow-red) NIH/3T3 cells cultured on PDMS and PLGA micro-replicas; (c) fluorescence microscopy images of live (green) and dead (yellow-red) PC12 cells cultured on PDMS and PLGA micro-replicas

Fig. 2. (a) fs-laser created micro/nano structures on Ti6Al4V surface; (b) area of cell spreading on the polished surface and surfaces with textures A, B or C versus time; (c) relative value of MSCs adipogenic genes expression on the polished surface and surfaces with textures A, B or C after 12 d

Fig. 3. (a) Micro/nano structures on Ti6Al4V surface fabricated via laser direct writing method; (b) hMSCs cell shape on the surface with textures A, B, C

Fig. 4. (a) Micro/nano structures on TC4 surface created via laser and pickling process; (b) adhesion rates of osteoblasts after culturing for 4 h on TC4 samples with polished surface, microstructure surface and micro-nanostructure surface

Fig. 5. (a) Implantable high-density microelectrode array fabricated by laser-structuring of Pt foil and PDMS; (b) proliferation of L929 cells in direct contact with PDMS, Pt foil and the laser fabricated microelectrode array (The values are the rate of increase in cell number between t=4 h and t=48 h)

Fig. 6. (a) Multi-layer micro-electrode array fabricated by laser-structuring of Pt foil and PDMS and (b) its surface micrograph

Fig. 7. Microchannels fabricated on PDMS and PMMA via laser micromaching, respectively. (a) PDMS; (b) PMMA

Fig. 8. Laser fabricated PPy-based active catheter. (a) Designed model of four-electrode PPy-based active catheter; (b) scanning electron microscope photograph of four-electrode PPy-based active catheter fabricated via laser micromachining; (c) bend motion of PPy actuators strips on one end of the catheter

Fig. 9. (a) Porous arrays and (b) its optical microstructures on 3D micro/nanofibrous structure; (c) confocal microscope image of cell distributions on porous structures fabricated via laser micromachining (the blue and red colours indicate nuclei and F-actin, respectively ) and (d) SEM image of cell distributions on scaffold fabricated via laser rapid prototyping

Fig. 10. SEM photographs of (a) 316L stainless steel stent and (b) its local stent structure

Fig. 11. (a) PLLA sheet with triangular cut-outs fabricated via fs-laser and (b) its zoomed local structure

Fig. 12. PLA biodegradable stent fabricated via fs-laser

Fig. 13. Bone tissue scaffold fabricated via SL technique

Fig. 14. (a) PVDF scaffold fabricated by SLS; (b) remaining weight percentage of PVDF scaffolds after immersed in simulated body fluid for different days; (c) bioactivity of MG63 cells after 1, 3, 5 d cultured on PVDF scaffolds (from left to right)

Fig. 15. Porous scaffolds fabricated via SLS method

Fig. 16. SEM morphology of MG63 and hBMSCs cultured onto scaffolds with different grain sizes. MG63 cells:(a) 1.32 μm; (b) 0.71 μm; (c) 0.21 μm; hBMSCs cells: (d) 1.32 μm; (e)0.71 μm; (f) 0.21 μm

Fig. 17. SLM fabricated bone scaffold with different sizes and unit structures

Fig. 18. (a) DNA assay results and (b)metabolic activity of cells on different porous scaffolds with the diameters of 500 μm and 1000 μm after 1, 7, 14 d culturing