Chinese Journal of Lasers, Volume. 51, Issue 1, 0101001(2024)
Progress in Research on Visible Rare‑Earth‑Doped Fiber Lasers: from Continuous Wave to Femtosecond Pulse (Invited)
Figures & Tables(21)
![Energy levels of rare-earth-doped fluoride fiber[28-35]. (a) Energy levels of Pr3+-doped fluoride fiber; (b) energy levels of Dy3+-doped fluoride fiber; (c) energy levels of Tb3+-doped fluoride fiber; (d) energy levels of Ho3+-doped fluoride fiber; (e) energy levels of Tm3+-doped fluoride fiber; (f) energy levels of Pr3+/Yb3+-doped fluoride fiber](/Images/icon/loading.gif){kind=icon}
Fig. 2. Energy levels of rare-earth-doped fluoride fiber[28-35]. (a) Energy levels of Pr3+-doped fluoride fiber; (b) energy levels of Dy3+-doped fluoride fiber; (c) energy levels of Tb3+-doped fluoride fiber; (d) energy levels of Ho3+-doped fluoride fiber; (e) energy levels of Tm3+-doped fluoride fiber; (f) energy levels of Pr3+/Yb3+-doped fluoride fiber
Fig. 3. Ho3+∶ZBLAN high power CW fiber lasers[50]. (a) Experimental setup; (b) tunable spectrum; (c) line width of 543.1 nm laser; (d) slope efficiency
Fig. 4. Deep red tunable CW fiber lasers[62]. (a) Experimental setup; (b) tunable spectra
Fig. 5. High power deep red CW fiber lasers[67]. (a) Experimental setup; (b) physical picture; (c) slope efficiency; (d) spectrum
Fig. 6. Red CW fiber lasers[64]. (a) Experimental setup; (b) slope efficiency; (c) spectrum
Fig. 7. All-fiber red CW fiber lasers[65]. (a) Experimental setup; (b) slope efficiency; (c) spectrum
Fig. 8. High power red CW fiber lasers[69]. (a) Experimental setup; (b) slope efficiency; (c) spectrum; (d) beam quality; (e) power stability
Fig. 9. High power yellow CW fiber lasers[74]. (a) Experimental setup; (b) physical picture ; (c) slope efficiency; (d) spectra
Fig. 10. Green CW fiber lasers[71]. (a) Experimental setup; (b) slope efficiency; (c) spectrum
Fig. 11. High power green CW fiber lasers[79]. (a) Experimental setup; (b) physical picture ; (c) slope efficiency; (d) spectrum
Fig. 12. Graphene orange passively Q-switched fiber lasers[96]. (a) Experimental setup; (b) Q-switched pulse train; (c) slope efficiency
Fig. 13. Green Q-switched vortex fiber lasers[94]. (a) Experimental setup; (b) output spectrum; (c) pulse trains; (d) intensity distributions of high order modes
Fig. 14. Visible all-fiber passively mode-locked lasers[101]. (a) Experimental setup; (b) mode-locked spectrum; (c) pulse train; (d) single pulse; (e) radio-frequency spectrum
Fig. 15. Visible spatiotemporal mode-locked lasers[103]. (a) Experimental setup; (b) mode-locked pulse trains; (c) mode-locked spectra; (d) amplified power and pulse energy; (e) radio-frequency spectrum
Fig. 16. Yellow passively mode-locked fiber lasers[104]. (a) Pulse train with narrow span; (b) pulse train with large span; (c) evolution of single pulse envelope with pump power; (d) autocorrelation trace; (e) experimental setup
Fig. 17. External cavity compressed visible femtosecond fiber lasers[28]. (a) Experimental setup; (b) mode-locked spectrum; (c) mode-locked autocorrelation trace
Table 1. Representative research achievements of up-conversion visible CW fiber lasers
View tableTable 1. Representative research achievements of up-conversion visible CW fiber lasers
Gain fiber Pump type Pump wavelength /
nm
Output wavelength /
nm
Output
power /mW
Slope efficiency /
%
Year Pr/Yb∶ZBLAN Ti∶sapphire 840-850 635 20 10 1991［ 37 ］Ti∶sapphire 860 635 300 52 1995［ 42 ］Ti∶sapphire 850 635 1020 19 1997［ 43 ］Ti∶sapphire 850 491 165 12.1 1999［ 44 ］LD 850 635 2060 45 2002［ 45 ］520 320 17 Pr∶ZBLAN Ti∶sapphire 835，1010 635 ~180 - 1991［ 46 ］605 ~30 - 520 ~1 - LD 830，1020 492 ~1 ~1 1996［ 47 ］Ho∶ZBLAN Kr+ 647.1 550 10 20 1990［ 48 ］LD 643 ~549 38 24 1996［ 49 ］Solid-state laser 640 543.1 980 34.2 2021［ 50 ］Er∶ZBLAN Ti∶sapphire 801 546 23 11 1991［ 51 ］Ti∶sapphire 970 544 50 15 1992［ 52 ］HeNe 633 470 0.04 3 2002［ 53 ］Tm∶ZBLAN Kr+ 676，647 455，480 0.4 ~0.2 1990［ 54 ］LD 1130 482 106 30 1995［ 55 ］Nd∶YAG 1123 481 230 18.5 1997［ 56 ］Fiber laser 1120 784 5 0.7 2005［ 57 ］Nd∶ZBLAN - ~590 412 0.5 1.5 1995［ 58 ］
Table 2. Representative research achievements of down-conversion visible CW fiber lasers
View tableTable 2. Representative research achievements of down-conversion visible CW fiber lasers
Gain fiber Pump type Pump wavelength /nm Output wavelength /nm Output power /mW Slope efficiency /% Year Pr∶ZBLAN Ar+ 476.5 715 25 30 1991［ 60 ］635 250 64 605 150 33 520 2 1.03 491 6 9 Optically pumped semiconductor laser 497.7 635 94 41.5 2005［ 61 ］GaN 448 716 49 30 2009［ 62 ］635 59 35 521 43 31 488 42 29 GaN 442，448 521 322 53 2011［ 63 ］GaN（quasi-continuous wave） 443 634.5 1070 20.7 2020［ 64 ］GaN 444 635.5 2300 14 2021［ 65 ］GaN 443 521 3600 20.9 2022［ 66 ］GaN 443 717 4100 22.2 2023［ 67 ］GaN 443 491.5 97.5 23.7 2023［ 68 ］GaN 443 635.2 4920 25.7 2023［ 69 ］Pr∶AlF3 GaN 442 638 645.7 41.9 2011［ 70 ］GaN 444 522.2 598 43 2011［ 71 ］GaN 442 638 2000 36.1 2019［ 72 ］Dy∶ZBLAN Ar+ 457 575 ~10 1.5 2000［ 73 ］478 2.3 0.9 GaN 450 574.6 1120 33.6 2021［ 74 ］Dy∶AlF3 GaN 398.8 575 10.3 17.1 2010［ 75 ］Tb∶ZBLAN Ar+ 488 542.8 1.6 8.4 2008［ 76 ］Ho∶ZBLAN SSL 532 752.1 1640 50.2 2022［ 77 ］
Table 3. Representative research achievements of visible passively Q-switched fiber lasers
View tableTable 3. Representative research achievements of visible passively Q-switched fiber lasers
Nanomaterial Gain fiber Output wavelength /nm Pulse
energy /nJ
Frequency /
kHz
Pulse
width /μs
Year Transition metal dichalcogenides
（TMDs）
Pr∶ZBLAN 604 6.4（WS2）
5.5（MoS2）
67.3-132.2
50.8-118.4
0.43-1.10
0.60-1.95
2016［ 97 ］Pr∶ZBLAN 635 28.7（WS2）
16.2（MoS2）
11.1（MoSe2）
232.7-512.8
240.4-438.6
357.1-555.1
0.2
0.22
0.24
2016［ 90 ］Pr∶ZBLAN 635 0.43 90.9-203.2 0.80-1.47 2017［ 91 ］Topological insulators（TIs） Pr∶ZBLAN 635 14.3 164.5-454.5 0.24-0.86 2015［ 88 ］Pr∶ZBLAN 604 3.1 86.2-187.4 0.49-0.73 2017［ 98 ］Black phosphorus（BP） Pr∶ZBLAN 635 27.6 108.8-409.8 0.38-1.56 2017［ 89 ］Graphene Pr∶ZBLAN 603 383 0.47 2014［ 96 ］Pr∶ZBLAN 635 24.2 64.1-195.3 0.55-1.04 2016［ 86 ］Pr∶AlF3 636 280 633 0.18 2018［ 87 ］Single-walled carbon nanotubes
（SWNTs）
Pr∶ZBLAN 716 18.3 32.6-86.5 2.3-7.8 2017［ 85 ］Pr∶ZBLAN 635 2.95 57.5-98.2 0.81-1.92 2018［ 92 ］Au nanoparticles Pr∶ZBLAN 635 27.7 285.7-546.4 0.23-0.55 2015［ 93 ］Cu nanowires Pr∶ZBLAN 635 30.7 239.8-312.4 0.39-0.68 2016［ 94 ］Au nanowires Er∶ZBLAN 543 25.2 42.6-181.2 0.49-1.99 2019［ 95 ］Pr∶ZBLAN 635 1.87 299.3-407.3 0.62-1.01 2019［ 95 ］
Table 4. Representative research achievements of visible passively mode-locked fiber lasers
View tableTable 4. Representative research achievements of visible passively mode-locked fiber lasers
Mode locked type Gain fiber Output wavelength /nm Output power /mW Frequency /MHz Pulse width /ps Year NALM Pr/Yb∶ZBLAN 635 1.35 3.87 96 2019［ 101 ］NOLM Pr/Yb∶ZBLAN 634 1.3 5.12 85 2020［ 102 ］NPR Pr/Yb∶ZBLAN 635 440 110.56 9 2021［ 103 ］Dy∶ZBLAN 575 240 100.87 83 2022［ 104 ］Ho∶ZBLAN 545 288 294.86 19.7 2022［ 105 ］Pr∶ZBLAN 635 90 137 0.168（compressed） 2023［ 28 ］
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Zhengqian Luo, Luming Song, Qiujun Ruan. Progress in Research on Visible Rare‑Earth‑Doped Fiber Lasers: from Continuous Wave to Femtosecond Pulse (Invited)[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2024, 51(1): 0101001
Paper Information
Category: laser devices and laser physics
Received: Sep. 26, 2023
Accepted: Oct. 25, 2023
Published Online: Jan. 26, 2024
The Author Email: Luo Zhengqian (zqluo@xmu.edu.cn)
CSTR:32183.14.CJL231233
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