Ytterbium-Doped Core-Diameter-Variable Fiber Laser: Current Situation and Develop Tendency

Xiaolin Wang; Yujun Wen; Hanwei Zhang; Xiaoming Xi; Chen Shi; Baolai Yang; Peng Wang; Zhiyong Pan; Zefeng Wang; Xiaojun Xu; Jinbao Chen

doi:10.3788/CJL202249.2100001

Chinese Journal of Lasers, Volume. 49, Issue 21, 2100001(2022)

Ytterbium-Doped Core-Diameter-Variable Fiber Laser: Current Situation and Develop Tendency

Xiaolin Wang^1,2,3、*, Yujun Wen¹, Hanwei Zhang^1,2,3, Xiaoming Xi^1,2,3, Chen Shi^1,2,3, Baolai Yang^1,2,3, Peng Wang^1,2,3, Zhiyong Pan^1,2,3、**, Zefeng Wang^1,2,3, Xiaojun Xu^1,2,3, and Jinbao Chen^1,2,3

Author Affiliations

¹College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, HuNan, China

²State Key Laboratory of Pulsed Power Laser Technology, Changsha 410073, HuNan, China

³Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of High Energy Laser Technology, Changsha 410073, HuNan, China

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Figures & Tables(39)

Fig. 1. Structural diagrams of fiber with variable core diameter. (a) Single-tapered fiber; (b) spindle-shaped fiber；(c) saddle-shaped fiber

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Fig. 2. Brillouin frequency shifts for fibers with different core diameters^[8]

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Fig. 3. Differences in propagation constants for different modes in fibers with different core diameters^[75]

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Fig. 4. Ray traces of large angle ASE in tapered gain fiber^[77]

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Fig. 5. Steps for preparation of fiber with variable core diameter based on preform shape control^[79]

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Fig. 6. Steps for preparation of gain fiber with variable core diameter based on drawing with variable speed

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Fig. 7. Steps for preparation of gain fiber with variable core diameter based on preform shape control and drawing with variable speed

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Fig. 8. Cladding diameter versus fiber length^[82]

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Fig. 9. Experimental results of tapered Yb-doped all-fiber single frequency amplifer^[85]. (a) Output power and backward power versus pump power; (b) beam quality at each output power

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Fig. 10. Femtosecond pulsed laser system based on tapered fiber^[112]

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Fig. 11. Laser beam quality using non-tapered Yb-doped fiber or tapered Yb-doped fiber^[103]

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Fig. 12. Characteristics of panda-type polarization-maintaining fiber^[104]. (a) Cross-section of panda-type polarization-maintaining tapered Yb-doped fiber; (b) fiber cladding diameter versus fiber length

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Fig. 13. Output characteristics of linearly polarized laser^[110]. (a) Extinction ratios at different output powers; (b) beam qualities at different output powers

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Fig. 14. Characteristics of spun tapered Yb-doped fiber^[105]. (a) Cladding diameter of spun tapered Yb-doped fiber versus length with fiber end face shown in inset; (b) spun pitch versus cladding diameter with side view of spun tapered fiber shown in inset

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Fig. 15. Structural diagrams of laser based on saddle-shaped fiber^[52]. (a) Structural diagram of laser; (b) structural diagram of saddle-shaped fiber

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Fig. 16. Output spot morphologies of fiber laser under different conditions^[7]. (a) Without saddle-shaped fiber; (b) with saddle-shaped fiber

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Fig. 17. Output power versus pump power with beam pattern at 1.39 kW output power shown in inset^[125]

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Fig. 18. Beam quality versus output power for different fiber amplifers^[16]. (a) Based on uniform core fiber; (b) based on tapered fiber

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$Characteristics of Yb-doped fiber with variable core diameter[128]. (a) Refractive index profile of Yb-doped fiber preform; (b) core diameter versus gain fiber length$

Fig. 19. Characteristics of Yb-doped fiber with variable core diameter^[128]. (a) Refractive index profile of Yb-doped fiber preform; (b) core diameter versus gain fiber length

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Fig. 20. Output charateristics of tapered fiber amplifier^[79].(a) Powers and efficiencies of laser when large end and small end are output of amplifier ; (b) spectra of laser when large end and small end are output of amplifier

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Fig. 21. Structure and output characteristic of spindle-shaped fiber^[130]. (a) Profile of spindle-shaped gain fiber; (b) beam quality characteristics under different powers

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Fig. 22. Structure and output characteristics of spindle-shaped Yb-doped fiber^[15]. (a) Fiber core/cladding diameter of spindle-shaped Yb-doped fiber versus fiber length; (b) beam quality and beam profile at 3004 W output power

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Fig. 23. Structure and output characteristics of spindle-shaped Yb-doped fiber^[134]. (a) Cladding diameter of spindle-shaped Yb-doped fiber versus fiber length; (b) output power and beam quality versus pump power with beam profile at 4006 W output power shown in inset

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Fig. 24. Structure and output characteristics of spindle-shaped Yb-doped fiber^[135]. (a) Schematic of core diameter and cladding diameter of spindle-shaped Yb-doped fiber versus fiber length; (b) output power and efficiency versus pump power

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Fig. 25. Structure and output characteristic of saddle-shaped Yb-doped fiber^[136]. (a) Core diameter of saddle-shaped fiber versus length; (b) beam quality and bem profile at 1312 W output power

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Fig. 26. Powers of each order Stokes light and residual pump light of random fiber laser based on tapered fiber with dependence of effective mode field area on fiber length shown in inset^[138]

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Fig. 27. Principle diagram of 976 nm fiber laser based on tapered fiber^[141]

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Fig. 28. Experimental setup of 1064 nm fiber amplifier and second harmonic frequency variable laser based on tapered fiber^[143]

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Fig. 29. Output characteristics of laser amplifier based on large mode tapered fiber^[144]. (a) Beam quality of UV light at different average powers; (b) powers of 1064 nm near-infrared (NIR) light, second harmonic generation (SHG) 532 nm green light, and 355 nm ultraviolet (UV) light versus time

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Fig. 30. Structure and output characteristics of Yb∶YAG crystal^[145]. (a) Schematics of thin-rod and thin-tapered-rod Yb∶YAG crystals; (b) gain of narrowband or wideband small signal at 1030 nm in Yb∶YAG crystal

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Fig. 31. Small signal gain in thin-rod or thin-tapered-rod Yb∶YAG crystal^[146]

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Fig. 32. Principle diagram of Nd∶YAG amplifier based on tapered fiber^[151]

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Fig. 33. Structural diagram of 10 kW-level near-single-mode fiber amplifier based on fiber with variable core diameter^[6]

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Table 1. Typical research results of single frequency/narrow linewidth fiber laser based on single-tapered gain fiber

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Table 1. Typical research results of single frequency/narrow linewidth fiber laser based on single-tapered gain fiber

Year	Fiber parameter				Power	Linewidth	Beam quality	Reference
Year	Fiber core/cladding diameter at small end	Fiber core/cladding diameter at large end	NA	Fiber length	Power	Linewidth	Beam quality	Reference
2008	～5.6 μm /174 μm	27 μm /834 μm	0.15(in core)	10.5 m	10 W	100 kHz	M²≈1.07	[77]
2013	7.5 μm /120 μm	44 μm /700 μm	0.11(in core)/0.40 (in cladding)	18 m	160 W	3 MHz	$M_{x}^{2}$ ＝1.05	[83-84]
2013	7.5 μm /120 μm	44 μm /700 μm	0.11(in core)/0.40 (in cladding)	18 m	160 W	3 MHz	$M_{y}^{2}$ ＝1.20	[83-84]
2016	20 μm /237.1 μm	46.9 μm /579.9 μm	0.06( in core)	7 m	53 W	20 kHz	$M_{x}^{2}$ ＝1.25	[85]
2016	20 μm /237.1 μm	46.9 μm /579.9 μm	0.06( in core)	7 m	53 W	20 kHz	$M_{y}^{2}$ ＝1.20	[85]
2017	9 －22 μm (fiber core diameter)			2.5 m	120 W	<30 kHz	M²≈1.1	[86]
2018	50－400 μm(fiber cladding diameter)			2.7 m	200 W	<30 kHz	M²≈1.2	[87]
2018	13 μm /110 μm	96 μm /792 μm			70 W	8 kHz	$M_{x}^{2}$ ＝1.03	[88]
2018	13 μm /110 μm	96 μm /792 μm			70 W	8 kHz	$M_{y}^{2}$ ＝1.08	[88]
2018	20 μm /237.1 μm	46.9 μm /579.9 μm	0.06 (in core)	7.2 m	260 W	2 GHz	M²≈2.27	[89]
2020	36.1 μm /249.3 μm	57.8 μm /397.3 μm	0.064 (in core)	1.27 m	550 W	～20 kHz	M²≈1.47	[90-91]
2021	30.3 μm /245 μm	49.3 μm /404 μm	0.06 (in core)	2.2 m	400 W	－	M²≈1.29	[92]

Table 2. Typical research results of high power non-linearly-polarized pulsed fiber laser based on tapered gain fiber

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Table 2. Typical research results of high power non-linearly-polarized pulsed fiber laser based on tapered gain fiber

Year	Fiber parameter				Output parameter					Beam quality	Reference
Year	Fiber core /cladding diameter at small end	Fiber core /cladding diameter at large end	NA	Fiber length	Wavelength	Repetition frequency	Pulse width	Pulse energy	Average/peak power	Beam quality	Reference
2008	～5.6 μm/174 μm	27 μm/834 μm	0.15	10.5 m	1063 nm	100 MHz	4 ps		10.7 W/25 kW	M²≈1.07	[77]
2010	～15 μm/160 μm	～83 μm/880 μm	0.11 (in core)/0.22 (in cladding)	6.3 m	1065 nm	5 Hz	64 ns	1.6 mJ	24.3 kW(peak power)	M²≈2.7	[12，17]
2014	～9 μm/145 μm	50 μm/800 μm		4 m	1038 nm		6 ps	2.5 μJ	60 W/0.4 MW	－	[11]
2015	10 μm/80 μm	45 μm/430 μm		2.1 m	1040 nm	1 MHz	130 fs		2.5 MW after compression(peak power)	－	[93]
2016	25 μm/250 μm	60 μm/600 μm		2 m	1064 nm	10 kHz	3 ns	1 mJ	10.2 W/340 kW	M²≈1.07	[94]
2016	13 μm(core diameter)	100 μm(core diameter)	0.11(in core)	6 m	1040 nm	10 kHz	60 ps	280 μJ	5 MW(peak power)	M²≈1.22	[75，95]
2017	35 μm/250 μm	56 μm/400 μm	0.07	2.8 m	1064 nm			50 μJ	1.5 MW(peak power)	M²<1.2	[96]
2017	6.9 μm/29 μm	45 μm/190 μm		68 cm	1030 nm	20 kHz	2 ns	0.57 mJ	11.4 W/167 kW	M²<2.6	[97]
2017	6.5 μm/53 μm	56 μm/460 μm		60 cm	1030 nm	20 kHz	2 ns	0.5 mJ	10 W/230 kW	M²≈3.3	[10]
2017	～10 μm/72.5 μm	62 μm/450 μm	0.28	2 m	1064 nm	1 MHz	8 ps		0.76 MW/22 MW after compression	－	[98]
2017	18 μm/145 μm	100 μm/800 μm		4 m		20 MHz	60 ps	0.3 mJ	5 MW(peak power)	M²≈1.08	[99]
2017	20 μm(core diameter)	67 μm(core diameter)	0.095(in core)	2.2 m	1064 nm	1 MHz	7 ps		1.5 MW(peak power)	－	[100]
2017	13.2 μm/110 μm	96 μm/792 μm			1030 nm	20 MHz，20 kHz	80 ps，60 ps	0.3 mJ	70 W(average power)	－	[101]
2018	22.5 μm/90 μm	86 μm/350 μm	～0.3(in cladding)	2.5 m	1550 nm	5 kHz	2 ns	0.25 mJ	19 W/107 kW	M²<1.27	[102]
2018	12 μm/53 μm	45 μm/200 μm	0.09(in core)/0.19(in cladding)	50 cm	1030 nm	20 kHz	2 ns	0.78 mJ	15.5 W/375 kW	M²<1.7	[103]
2018	13.3 μm/110 μm	96 μm/792 μm	0.11 (in core)	～3.6 m	1040 nm	1 MHz	90 ps	28 μJ	28 W/292 kW	M²≈1.09	[104]
2019	35 μm/280 μm	100 μm/800 μm	0.1 (in core)	～3.4 m	1035 nm	14.8 MHz	50 ps		55 W(average power)	M²<1.18	[105]
2019	36 μm/250 μm	58 μm/560 μm	0.064(in core)/0.5(in cladding)	0.74 m		80 kHz	3.8 ns	110 μJ	8.8 W/30 kW	M²≈1.2	[106]
2019	8.6 μm/73 μm	65 μm/550 μm	0.09 (in core)	2.7 m	1064 nm	10 MHz	8 ps		44 W/550 kW	M²≈1.26	[107]
2019	22 μm/75 μm	75 μm/256 μm	0.3( in cladding)	3.2 m	1560 nm	100 kHz	500 fs	10 μJ	10 MW after compression(peak power)	－	[108]
2019	7.2 μm/57 μm	43 μm/344 μm	0.28 (in cladding)	～3 m	1064 nm	10 MHz	12.2 ps		71 W/820 kW	M²<1.17	[109]
2020	10 μm/100 μm	50 μm/100 μm	0.09(in core)/0.28(in cladding)	2.5 m	1040 nm	100 kHz	48.8 ps	65 μJ	7.5 W/1.26 MW	M²≈1.3	[110]
2020	8.5 μm/35.7 μm	52 μm/226.8 μm	0.088(in core)	4 cm	1030 nm	250 kHz	28 ps		2.3 MW(peak power)	M²≈1.3	[111]
2021	10 μm/80 μm	～45 μm/435 μm	0.09(in core)/0.28(in cladding)	～2.6 m	1036 nm	250 kHz	412 fs	40 μJ	97 MW after compression(peak power)	Diffraction limited	[112]
2021	10 μm/70 μm	59 μm/432 μm		2.5 m	1053 nm	5 kHz	3 ns		170 kW(peak power)	M²≈1.11	[113]
2021	10 μm/100 μm	50 μm/500 μm		3 m	1064 nm	10 MHz	50 ps	9 μJ	150 W/170 kW	M²≈1.19	[114]

Table 3. Typical research results of high power pulsed fiber laser based on linearly-polarized fiber with variable core diameter

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Table 3. Typical research results of high power pulsed fiber laser based on linearly-polarized fiber with variable core diameter

Year	Fiber parameter				Output parameter					Beam quality	Reference
Year	Fiber core /cladding diameter at small end	Fiber core /cladding diameter at large end	NA	Fiber length	Wavelength	Repetition frequency	Pulse width	Pulse energy	Average/peak power	Beam quality	Reference	PER or DOP
2017	20 μm(core diameter)	67 μm(core diameter)	0.095(in core)	2.2 m	1064 nm	1 MHz	7 ps		1.5 MW(peak power)		－	[100]
2017	13.2 μm/110 μm	96 μm/792 μm			1030 nm	20 MHz，20 kHz	80 ps，60 ps	0.3 mJ	70 W(average power)		－	[101]
2018	13.3 μm/110 μm	96 μm/792 μm	～0.11(in core)	～3.6 m	1040 nm	1 MHz	90 ps	28 μJ	28 W/292 kW		M²≈1.09	[104]
2019	35 μm/280 μm	100 μm/800 μm	0.1(in core)	～3.4 m	1035 nm	14.8 MHz	50 ps		55 W(average power)		M²<1.18	[105]
2019	17 μm/170 μm	49 μm/490 μm	0.08(in core)	1.2 m	1053 nm	10 kHz	130 ns	288 μJ，524 μJ	2.2 kW(peak power)，4 kW(peak power)		M²<1.08	[115]
2019	7.2 μm/57 μm	43 μm/344 μm	0.28(in cladding)	～3 m	1064 nm	10 MHz	12.2 ps		71 W/820 kW		M²<1.17	[109]
2020	15 μm/120 μm	35 μm/285 μm		2.8 m	1035 nm	14.8 MHz	50 ps		72.5 W(average power)	PER>17 dB	M²≤1.18	[116]
2021	15 μm/120 μm	35 μm/285 μm		3 m	1040 nm	20 MHz	50 ps	2.5 μJ	50 W/47 kW	DOP of 98%	M²≤1.18	[117]
2021	8 μm/90 μm	44 μm/486 μm	0.1(in core)/0.4(in cladding)	6.7 m	1062 nm	100 MHz	95 ps		64 W(average power)	DOP of 95%	M²≤1.2	[118]
2021	9.5 μm/68 μm	46 μm/330 μm	0.095(in core)/0.26(in cladding)	2.45 m	1064 nm	9.2 MHz	22 ps		150 W/0.74 MW	PER of 13.5 dB	M²≤1.14	[73，119]
2021	36 μm/250 μm	58 μm/400 μm	0.064(in core)/0.5(in cladding)	1.27 m	1064 nm	80 kHz	3.8 ns	110 μJ	8.8 W/30 kW	PER of 16 dB	M²≈1.2	[120]

Table 4. Typical research results of high power single-frequency/narrow linewidth pulsed fiber laser with variable fiber core diameter

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Table 4. Typical research results of high power single-frequency/narrow linewidth pulsed fiber laser with variable fiber core diameter

Output parameter							Reference
Wavelength	Linewidth	Repetition frequency	Pulse width	Pulse energy	Average/peak power	PER	Reference
	282.1 MHz	80 kHz	3.8 ns	110 μJ	8.8 W/30 kW	16 dB	[106，120]
1053 nm	10 MHz	10 kHz	130 ns	288 μJ	2.2 kW(peak power)	18.7 dB	[115]
1053 nm	167 pm	5 kHz	3 ns		170 kW(peak power)		[113]

Table 5. Typical research results of wide-spectrum high power fiber laser based on single-tapered gain fiber

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Table 5. Typical research results of wide-spectrum high power fiber laser based on single-tapered gain fiber

Year	Fiber parameter				Power	Beam quality	Reference
Year	Fiber core/cladding diameter at small end	Fiber core/cladding diameter at large end	NA	Fiber length	Power	Beam quality	Reference
2008	～5.6 μm/174 μm	27 μm/834 μm	0.15(in core)	10.5 m	84 W	M²≈1.07	[77]
2008	6.5 μm/200 μm	27 μm/834 μm	0.114(in core)/0.21(in cladding)	12 m	212 W	M²＝1.04	[9]
2009	10.8 μm/145 μm	65 μm/835 μm	0.07(in core)/0.22(in cladding)	24 m	600 W	M²＝1.08	[14，121]
2010	～17.7 μm/320 μm	～51.6 μm/930 μm	0.11(in core)/0.22(in cladding)	23.5 m	750 W	M²＝1.7	[76，122]
2012	～7.5 μm/120 μm	44 μm/700 μm	0.11(in core)/0.4(in cladding)	18 m	110 W	M²≈1.06	[123]
2017	35 μm/250 μm	56 μm/400 μm	0.07(in core)	2.8 m	100 W	M²≈1.15	[96]
2017	21.2 μm/417.3 μm	30.4 μm/609.6 μm	0.06(in core)/0.46(in cladding)	33 m	1470 W	M²≈1.8	[124-125]
2018	20 μm/400 μm	30 μm/600 μm	0.06(in core)/0.46(in cladding)	33 m	260 W	Fundamental mode	[126]
2019	～20 μm/400 μm	～30 μm/600 μm	0.065(in core)	～33 m	1700 W	M²＝2.1	[127]
2019	～20 μm/400 μm	～30 μm/600 μm	0.065(in core)/0.46(in cladding)	～22 m	2170 W	M²≈2.2	[16]
2020	31.2 μm/400 μm	52.5 μm/400 μm	0.065(in core)	7 m	364 W	M²＝1.63	[79，128]

Table 6. Typical research results of wide-spectrum high power fiber lasers based on spindle-shaped and saddle-shaped gain fibers

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Table 6. Typical research results of wide-spectrum high power fiber lasers based on spindle-shaped and saddle-shaped gain fibers

Year	Fiber parameter					Power	Beam quality	Reference
Year	Fiber type	Fiber core/cladding diameter at small end	Fiber core/cladding diameter in middle	Fiber core/cladding diameter at large end	Fiber length	Power	Beam quality	Reference
2020	SPF	20 μm/400 μm	30 μm/600 μm	20 μm/400 μm	31 m	1836 W	M²≈1.65	[130]
2020	SPF	24.08 μm/400 μm	31 μm/400 μm	23.36 μm/400 μm	25 m	2023 W	M²≈1.65	[131]
2020	SPF	24.08 μm/400 μm	31 μm/400 μm	23.36 μm/400 μm	25 m	3420 W	M²≈1.7	[72，132]
2020	SPF	20 μm/400 μm	30 μm/600 μm	20 μm/400 μm	30.5 m	3004 W	M²≈1.3	[15，133]
2021	SPF	22 μm/413 μm	32 μm/600 μm	22 μm/413 μm	21 m	4000 W	M²≈1.33	[134]
2021	SPF	27 μm/410 μm	39.5 μm/410 μm	27 μm/410 μm	21 m	5008 W	M²≈1.9	[135]
2020	SAF	30.77 μm/400 μm	23.28 μm/400 μm	30.77 μm/400 μm	22.8 m	1300 W	M²≈2.0	[136]

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Xiaolin Wang, Yujun Wen, Hanwei Zhang, Xiaoming Xi, Chen Shi, Baolai Yang, Peng Wang, Zhiyong Pan, Zefeng Wang, Xiaojun Xu, Jinbao Chen. Ytterbium-Doped Core-Diameter-Variable Fiber Laser: Current Situation and Develop Tendency[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2022, 49(21): 2100001

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Paper Information

Category: reviews

Received: Nov. 10, 2021

Accepted: Mar. 8, 2022

Published Online: Nov. 9, 2022

The Author Email: Xiaolin Wang (chinaphotonics@163.com), Zhiyong Pan (panzy168@163.com)

DOI:10.3788/CJL202249.2100001

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laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

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laser manufacturing

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