Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 60, Issue 15, 1500007(2023)
Thulium-Doped Fiber Laser and Its Applications in Laser Lithotripsy: Progress and Prospect
Figures & Tables(25)
![Cladding pumped thulium-doped fiber laser. (a) Schematic of laser; (b) external cavity for tunable operation; (c) output power versus launched pump power; (d) output power versus operating wavelength for cladding pumped 2.6 m fiber (inset: output power at 1941 nm versus launched pump power)[6]](/Images/icon/loading.gif){kind=icon}
Fig. 1. Cladding pumped thulium-doped fiber laser. (a) Schematic of laser; (b) external cavity for tunable operation; (c) output power versus launched pump power; (d) output power versus operating wavelength for cladding pumped 2.6 m fiber (inset: output power at 1941 nm versus launched pump power)[6]
Fig. 2. Thulium-doped fiber laser amplifier with output power of 300 W. (a) Schematic of laser; (b) output power versus pump power[8]
Fig. 3. 600 W single mode single frequency thulium-doped fiber laser amplifier. (a) Schematic of laser amplifier; (b) output power curve of single frequency amplifier; (c) output spectrum at 608 W (inset: OSA resolution limit of 0.05 nm)[2]
Fig. 4. 1000 W thulium-doped all-fiber laser. (a) Schematic of laser; (b) output power versus pump power[3]
Fig. 5. 530 W thulium-doped fiber laser with all-fiber structure. (a) Schematic of laser; (b) spectrum with the output power of 500 W[12]
Fig. 6. Tunable thulium-doped fiber laser at 2 µm. (a) Schematic of laser (internally marked a is the tuning structure and b is the free-running structure); (b) output power versus pump power; (c) output power of the tunable laser versus operating wavelength (inset: output power at 1930 and 1990 nm versus launched pump power); (d) spectral output of the grating-based laser and the free-running structures[15]
Fig. 8. 342 W narrow linewidth continuous-wave thulium-doped fiber laser with all-fiber structure. (a) Schematic setup of the seeder; (b) schematic setup of the two-stage amplifiers; (c) output power versus incident pump power[26]
Fig. 9. High-power thulium-doped superfluorescent fiber source. (a) Schematic of light source; (b) spectrum for the copropagating ASE; (c) spectrum for the counterpropagating ASE[30]
Fig. 11. 1940 nm quasi-continuous-wave thulium-doped fiber laser. (a) Schematic of the laser; (b) output power versus pump power at 793 nm; (c) output spectrum at the average power of 10 W[38]
Fig. 12. 564 W quasi-continuous-wave thulium-doped fiber laser. (a) Schematic of laser; (b) peak output power at 10 Hz and 5% duty cycle; (c) near-field (top) and far-field (bottom) beam profiles[39]
Fig. 13. Three quasi-continuous-wave thulium-doped fiber laser products. (a) TLM-50/500-QCW from IPG; (b) IFL QCW 650 from Futonics; (c) MIRON150/750 laser prototype from MIL MED TECH
Fig. 16. SOLTIVE™ Premium medical quasi-continuous-wave thulium-doped fiber laser system from Olympus
Table 1. Main researches on high power thulium-doped continuous-wave fiber laser in recent 20 years
View tableTable 1. Main researches on high power thulium-doped continuous-wave fiber laser in recent 20 years
Year Central wavelength /nm Maximum output power /W Pumped power /W Slope efficiency /% All-fiber structure 2002［ 5 ］1940 7 40 — No 2006［ 6 ］1991 19.2 38.2 72 No 2006［ 6 ］1851 12.1 23.1 59 No 2007［ 7 ］2050 263 ~511 59 No 2009［ 2 ］2040 608 >1100 54 No 2009［ 8 ］2040 309 500 61.8 No 2010［ 3 ］2045 1000 >1900 53.2 Yes 2014［ 9 ］1908 227 443 54.3 Yes 2015［ 10 ］2000.3 342 >600 56 Yes 2016［ 11 ］1930 327.5 570 57.4 Yes 2020［ 12 ］1980.89 530 >900 50 Yes
Table 2. Main researches on tunable thulium-doped continuous-wave fiber laser in recent 20 years.
View tableTable 2. Main researches on tunable thulium-doped continuous-wave fiber laser in recent 20 years.
Year Wavelength /nm Tunable range /nm Tuning method All-fiber structure Maximum output power /W 2002［ 5 ］1860-2090 230 Diffraction grating No 7 2006［ 6 ］1859-2061 202 Diffraction grating No 19.2 2006［ 6 ］1723-1973 250 Diffraction grating No 12.1 2010［ 14 ］1927-2097 170 Diffraction grating No 218 2012［ 15 ］1895-2109 214 Diffraction grating No 62 2013［ 17 ］1820-2075 255 Tunable fiber grating filter Yes 0.03 2015［ 19 ］1966-2001 35 Tunable bandpass filter Yes >250 2016［ 12 ］1910-2050 140 Tunable bandpass filter Yes 327.5 2017［ 16 ］1679-1992 313 Diffraction grating No 0.041 2019［ 21 ］2000-2172 172 Diffraction grating No 0.53 2020［ 20 ］1930-2000 70 DMD + fixed grating No 3.16×10-5
Table 3. Main researches on narrow-linewidth thulium-doped continuous-wave fiber laser in recent 10 years
View tableTable 3. Main researches on narrow-linewidth thulium-doped continuous-wave fiber laser in recent 10 years
Year Central wavelength /nm Linewidth /pm Output power /W 2010［ 24 ］1990 2.2 113/279 2014［ 25 ］1996.7 <120 10.5 2016［ 26 ］2000.3 90 342 2019［ 27 ］1942.03 3.86×10-6（single longitudinal mode） >6 2021［ 28 ］1920-2010（tunable laser） 1.29×10-3（single longitudinal mode） 80
Table 4. Main researches on thulium-doped ASE continuous-wave source in recent 15 years
View tableTable 4. Main researches on thulium-doped ASE continuous-wave source in recent 15 years
Year Central wavelength /nm Linewidth /nm Maximum output power /W 2008［ 29 ］1960 >100 >11 2010［ 30 ］1890 80 0.06 2015［ 31 ］1960.7 45 20.7 2015［ 31 ］1948.2 50 25.2 2017［ 32 ］1860 170 >0.035 2020［ 33 ］1850 >155 0.09
Table 5. Parameters of several typical products for quasi-continuous-wave thulium-doped fiber laser
View tableTable 5. Parameters of several typical products for quasi-continuous-wave thulium-doped fiber laser
Index IPG Futonics nLight MIL MED TECH Name of product TLM-50/500-QCW IFL QCW650 TFL-60 MIRON150/750 Central wavelength /nm 1943 1940±20 1940±10 1940±10 Maximum mean power /W 50 150 60 150 Maximum peak power /W 500 650 600 750 Maximum pulse energy /J 5 18 7 48 Pulse width /ms 0.2-50 0.1-50 0.05-20 0.1-400 Bandwidth /nm <2 <1 10 <1 Repetition frequency /Hz 0-2500 1-3000 1-10000 1-5000 Cooling mode Air cooling Water cooling Air cooling Air cooling
Table 6. Typical research parameters of nanosecond short-pulsed thulium-doped fiber laser
View tableTable 6. Typical research parameters of nanosecond short-pulsed thulium-doped fiber laser
Year Central wavelength /nm Mean power /W
@ repetition frequency /kHz
Monopulse energy /mJ Peak power /kW@ pulse width /ns 2007［ 40 ］1983 30@111 0.27 6.6@41 2010［ 41 ］1992 6.5@20 0.325 2.6@125 2012［ 47 ］1998 4.35@10 0.435 8.9@49 2013［ 42 ］1850 &1900 33@13.9 2.4 150@15 2015［ 43 ］2050 40.5@40 ~1 10@100 2018［ 45 ］2000.2 16@25 0.64 35.6@18 2018［ 44 ］1952 1.5@100 0.015 2.5@6 2021［ 46 ］1940 2.44@631.5 0.00387 263@14.7 2021［ 48 ］1881 0.006@812 460 nJ —@8.71 2021［ 49 ］~1891 0.395@980.6 40.3 nJ —@（14.1-23.6）
Table 7. Comparison between thulium-doped fiber laser and Ho∶YAG laser[55, 61, 65]
View tableTable 7. Comparison between thulium-doped fiber laser and Ho∶YAG laser[55, 61, 65]
Index Ho∶YAG Thulium-doped fiber laser Typical central wavelength 2120 nm 1940 nm Core diameter >200 μm Thinner，50-150 μm is available Bubble Larger Smaller Pulse width Adjustable Larger adjustment range Repetition frequency Adjustable Larger adjustment range Cooling mode Water cooling Air cooling Power High High，but with lower peak power Ablation rate Slower Faster，up to four times that Ho∶YAG Retropulsion Larger Smaller Irrigation rate Lower Higher Security High Higher than Ho∶YAG Radiation and electrical hazards Low Low Noise Greater Lower Electro optic efficiency Lower Higher
Table 8. System parameters of several main medical quasi-continuous-wave thulium-doped fiber lasers
View tableTable 8. System parameters of several main medical quasi-continuous-wave thulium-doped fiber lasers
Index Olympus EMS Jena Surgical LAKH Name of product SOLTIVE™ Premium LaserClast Thulium Power MultiPulse Tm + 1470 LKSPTm120 Central wavelength /nm 1940±20 1940±20 1940，1470 1940±20 Maximum average power /W 60 60 120 120 Maximum peak power /W 500 500 120 500 Maximum pulse energy /J 6 6 — — Pulse width /ms 0.2-50 >0.1 >0.5 >0.1 Repetition frequency /Hz 1-2400 1-2500 & CW 1-1000 & CW 1-2500 &CW Cooling mode Air cooling Air cooling Water cooling Air cooling
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Yousi Yang, Dan Li, Encai Ji, Xiaofeng Ji, Bing Tian, Ping Yan, Mali Gong, Qirong Xiao. Thulium-Doped Fiber Laser and Its Applications in Laser Lithotripsy: Progress and Prospect[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2023, 60(15): 1500007
Paper Information
Category: Reviews
Received: Jun. 10, 2022
Accepted: Jul. 5, 2022
Published Online: Aug. 18, 2023
The Author Email: Dan Li (dli@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn), Encai Ji (jec12@tsinghua.org.cn), Xiaofeng Ji (54jixiaofeng@163.com)
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