PIC2f-YOLO: a lightweight method for the detection of metal surface defects

Fig. 12. Detection instance of different methods under the surface defects of strip alloy functional materials datasets. (a) Annotated defect images; (b) YOLOv8n; (c) PIC2f-YOLO

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Table 1. Number of defect labels for each class in the dataset before and after data augmentation

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Table 1. Number of defect labels for each class in the dataset before and after data augmentation

Defects	Training set	Validation set	Testing set
Swelling	337/643	38/104	43/73
Dent	493/981	62/120	65/118
Scratch	1752/3006	189/375	228/405
Peeling	1145/1981	141/244	180/237
Gap	417/632	52/71	39/86
Perforation	131/239	11/20	17/27
Weld	285/432	29/51	30/47
Snake	119/254	27/33	19/30

Table 2. Ablation results
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Table 2. Ablation results
Methods mAP50/% Param/M FLOPs/G FPS/(f/s)
Baseline 75.3 3.006 8.1 163
+M1 76.9 2.788 11.5 98
+M2 77.1 3.238 8.1 128
+M3 76.2 2.591 7.2 153
+M1M2 77.6 3.019 11.5 84
+M1M2M3 78.0 2.603 10.6 82

Table 3. PIC2f experiment results
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Table 3. PIC2f experiment results
PConv IRMB mAP₅₀/% Param/M
75.3 3.006
√ 75.6 2.589
√ k=1 75.8 2.783
√ k=3 76.9 2.788
√ k=5 75.6 2.797
√ k=7 74.9 2.811
√ k=9 75.3 2.829

Table 4. Generalization experiment results on the aluminum sheet surface industrial defect dataset
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Table 4. Generalization experiment results on the aluminum sheet surface industrial defect dataset
Methods mAP₅₀/% Param/M FPS/(f/s)
YOLOv8n 93.8 3.006 190
PIC2f-YOLO 95.0 2.603 88

Table 5. Generalization experiment results on the PASCAL VOC2012 dataset
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Table 5. Generalization experiment results on the PASCAL VOC2012 dataset
Methods mAP₅₀/% Param/M FPS/(f/s)
YOLOv8n 58.8 3.009 71
PIC2f-YOLO 59.2 2.606 45

Table 6. Comparison experiment results on the NEU-DET dataset

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Table 6. Comparison experiment results on the NEU-DET dataset

Methods	mAP₅₀/%	mAP_50-95/%	Param/M	FLOPs/G	FPS/(f/s)
Faster-RCNN	76.7	36.3	41.37	134.0	32
YOLOv3-tiny	69.6	35.4	12.13	18.9	235
YOLOv5n	74.1	40.6	2.50	7.1	160
YOLOv6n	70.0	36.6	4.23	11.8	180
YOLOv7-tiny	67.8	31.2	6.03	13.2	102
YOLOXs	74.6	39.5	8.94	26.8	97
YOLOv9-tiny	75.2	41.9	2.62	10.7	130
YOLOv10n	70.9	38.9	2.69	6.7	140
YOLOv8n	75.3	40.7	3.01	8.1	163
PIC2f-YOLO	78.0	43.6	2.60	10.6	82

Table 7. Comparison experiment results on the PASCAL VOC2012 dataset

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Table 7. Comparison experiment results on the PASCAL VOC2012 dataset

Methods	mAP₅₀/%	mAP_50-95/%	Param/M	FLOPs/G	FPS/(f/s)
Faster-RCNN	56.0	40.7	41.43	134.0	13
YOLOv3-tiny	52.6	31.8	12.13	18.9	107
YOLOv5n	58.0	40.0	2.51	7.1	71
YOLOv6n	58.9	43.0	4.24	11.8	72
YOLOv7-tiny	57.9	40.4	6.06	13.2	58
YOLOXs	57.6	39.5	8.96	26.8	52
YOLOv9-tiny	59.1	44.8	2.62	10.7	92
YOLOv10n	58.9	43.1	2.70	6.7	95
YOLOv8n	58.8	40.9	3.01	8.1	71
PIC2f-YOLO	59.2	41.6	2.61	10.6	45

Table 8. Comparison experiment results on the surface defects of strip alloy functional material dataset

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Table 8. Comparison experiment results on the surface defects of strip alloy functional material dataset

Methods	mAP₅₀/%	mAP_50-95/%	Param/M	FLOPs/G	FPS/(f/s)
Faster-RCNN	57.2	30.6	41.43	134.0	20
YOLOv3-tiny	63.5	33.7	12.13	18.9	151
YOLOv5n	72.3	38.6	2.50	7.1	108
YOLOv6n	68.9	37.4	4.23	11.8	117
YOLOv7-tiny	69.7	37.4	6.02	13.1	98
YOLOXs	66.7	34.5	8.94	26.8	95
YOLOv9-tiny	71.3	37.9	2.62	10.7	105
YOLOv10n	64.3	36.8	2.69	6.7	110
YOLOv8n	74.1	42.1	3.01	8.1	113
PIC2f-YOLO	75.6	42.8	2.61	10.6	60

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Yilun Hu, Jun Yang, Congyuan Xu, Yajin Xia, Wenbin Deng. PIC2f-YOLO: a lightweight method for the detection of metal surface defects[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2025, 52(1): 240250

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Paper Information

Category: Article

Received: Oct. 23, 2024

Accepted: Dec. 16, 2024

Published Online: Feb. 21, 2025

The Author Email: Wenbin Deng (邓文斌)

DOI:10.12086/oee.2025.240250

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology

Table 1. Number of defect labels for each class in the dataset before and after data augmentation

Table 1. Number of defect labels for each class in the dataset before and after data augmentation

Table 2. Ablation results

Table 2. Ablation results

Table 3. PIC2f experiment results

Table 3. PIC2f experiment results

Table 4. Generalization experiment results on the aluminum sheet surface industrial defect dataset

Table 4. Generalization experiment results on the aluminum sheet surface industrial defect dataset

Table 5. Generalization experiment results on the PASCAL VOC2012 dataset

Table 5. Generalization experiment results on the PASCAL VOC2012 dataset

Table 6. Comparison experiment results on the NEU-DET dataset

Table 6. Comparison experiment results on the NEU-DET dataset

Table 7. Comparison experiment results on the PASCAL VOC2012 dataset

Table 7. Comparison experiment results on the PASCAL VOC2012 dataset

Table 8. Comparison experiment results on the surface defects of strip alloy functional material dataset

Table 8. Comparison experiment results on the surface defects of strip alloy functional material dataset