Fig. 1. Physical mechanisms of various types of metasurfaces. (a) Schematic of generalized Snell's law of refraction and reflection^[73]; (b) plasmonic metasurface based on resonant phase^[48,73]; (c) principle of generating geometric phase and implementation of geometric phase metasurfaces using gratings and metal antennas^[74-75]; (d) metasurface based on propagation phase^[76]; (e) metasurface based on detour phase^[77-79]

Fig. 2. A few types of metasurface-based optical tweezers. (a) Geometric phase-based metasurface optical tweezers^[101]; (b) geometric phase-based optical conveyor belt^[102]; (c) optical fiber tweezers with metasurface assistance^[103]; (d) GaN propagation phase-based Airy structured optical tweezers^[104]; (e) geometric phase-based reflective holographic optical tweezers^[105]

Fig. 3. Metasurfaces-based multifunctional micro-manipulation devices. (a) Metasurface optical tweezers based on bifocal points^[106]; (b) multidimensional integrated optical tweezers-optical spanners based on composite phase^[107]; (c) multifunctional metasurface micro-manipulator device^[108]

Fig. 4. A few types of metasurface-based vacuum optical tweezers. (a) Geometric phase metasurface magneto-optical trap (MOT)^[120]; (b), (c) metasurface holographic optical tweezers trapping single atom array^[122-123]; (d) vacuum metasurface optical tweezers trapping nanoparticles^[124]

Fig. 5. Optical pulling force achieved by metasurfaces. (a) Particle dragging achieved by concentric ring metasurface^[129]; (b), (c), (d) optical pulling force facilitated by hyperbolic metamaterials^[130]; (e) optical pulling force on diffraction grating^[131]; (f) Switch between pulling and propulsion forces achieved by geometric phase metasurface^[132]

Fig. 6. Optical micro-manipulation based on topological photonics. (a) Optical pulling realized with topological photonic crystal waveguide based on square lattice^[139]; (b) optical pulling achieved through momentum topology^[140]; (c) optical pulling achieved with topological metamaterials^[141]; (d) optical pulling realized with photonic crystal waveguide based on hexagonal lattice^[142]; (e) topological BIC optical force induced by bilayer photonic crystal^[146]; (f) optical force enabled detection of Skyrmion topological state^[147]

Fig. 7. Light-driven metallic surface plasmonic microstructures. (a) Surface plasmonic optical motor^[148]; (b) optical transverse force induced by surface plasmonic optical motor^[149]; (c) optical micro-drone^[150]

Fig. 8. Light-driven dielectric metamechanics. (a) SiO₂-based geometric phase metasurface induces optical spin-related transverse force and negative torque^[151]; (b) metavehicle based on OGM and its experimental results^[152]; (c) BIC metavehicle based on OGM^[153]; (d) fully functional dielectric metavehicle and its theoretical results^[154]; (e) photonic levitation of metasurfaces in vacuum^[155]