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Metrology & Measurement Technology, Volume. 45, Issue 2, 5(2025)

Progress in atomic clocks and the redefinition of the "second"

Weiliang CHEN1,2, Kun LIU1,2, Shaoyang DAI1,2, Fasong ZHENG1,2, Yani ZUO1,2, and Fang FANG1,2、*
Author Affiliations
  • 1National Institute of Metrology of China, Beijing100029, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of State Administration for Market Regulation (Time Frequency and Gravity Primary Standard), Beijing100029, China
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    AbstractGet PDF(in Chinese)
    Figures&Tables (14)
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    References (99)
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    Figures & Tables(14)
    Operating principle of passive atomic clock

    Fig. 1. Operating principle of passive atomic clock

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    Principle of Rabi oscillation and Ramsey interference

    Fig. 2. Principle of Rabi oscillation and Ramsey interference

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    Rabi curve and Ramsey fringes

    Fig. 3. Rabi curve and Ramsey fringes

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    Operating principle of cesium fountain clock

    Fig. 4. Operating principle of cesium fountain clock

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    Energy levels of 133Cs atom

    Fig. 5. Energy levels of 133Cs atom

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    Principle of moving optical molasses

    Fig. 6. Principle of moving optical molasses

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    Principle of optical clock

    Fig. 7. Principle of optical clock

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    Geometry of Paul traps

    Fig. 8. Geometry of Paul traps

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    Energy level diagram of optical clock ions

    Fig. 9. Energy level diagram of optical clock ions

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    Energy level diagram of optical clock atoms

    Fig. 10. Energy level diagram of optical clock atoms

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    Principle of laser frequency measurement using optical frequency combs

    Fig. 11. Principle of laser frequency measurement using optical frequency combs

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    • Table 1. Uncertainties of the report fountain clocks

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      Table 1. Uncertainties of the report fountain clocks

      喷泉钟uA / 10-15uB / 10-15u / 10-15
      NTSC⁃CsF20.420.430.62
      SYRTE⁃FO10.250.460.55
      SYRTE⁃FO20.400.280.58
      SYRTE⁃FORb0.400.230.57
      PTB⁃CSF10.080.340.37
      PTB⁃CSF20.110.170.24
      Su⁃CsFO20.150.220.39
      NIM50.310.680.77

    • Table 2. Statistics on the results of optical clock research in various countries

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      Table 2. Statistics on the results of optical clock research in various countries

      国家研究所离子 / 原子种类B类不确定度
      美国NIST171Yb1.4 × 10-18
      27Al+9.4 × 10-19
      199Hg+2.3 × 10-17
      JILA87Sr8.1 × 10-19
      德国PTB87Sr3.0 × 10-17
      171Yb+2.7 × 10-18
      法国SYRTE87Sr4.1 × 10-17
      199Hg5.7 × 10-15
      英国NPL87Sr1.0 × 10-17
      88Sr+3.4 × 10-15
      171Yb+2.2 × 10-18
      日本NICT87Sr7.0 × 10-17
      40Ca+2.3 × 10-15
      RIKEN87Sr7.2 × 10-18
      NMIJ171Yb3.9 × 10-15
      87Sr1.2 × 10-15
      加拿大NRCC88Sr+1.2 × 10-17
      韩国KRISS171Yb2.6 × 10-16
      意大利INRIM171Yb2.6 × 10-17
      中国NIM87Sr6.5 × 10-18
      APM40Ca+3.0 × 10-18
      ECNU171Yb4.7 × 10-18
      USTC87Sr4.4 × 10-18
      APM27Al+3.1 × 10-18
      HUST27Al+1.6 × 10-18
      NTSC87Sr5.1 × 10-17

    • Table 3. Key parameters of elements for optical clock

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      Table 3. Key parameters of elements for optical clock

      元素钟态寿命Δαs / (10-40 J·m2·V-2)
      87Sr150.0 s40.792
      171Yb16.0 s24.030
      171Yb+ (E3)5.4 years0.888
      Al+20.6 s0.070
      88Sr+0.4 s4.795
      40Ca+1.0 s-7.268
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    Weiliang CHEN, Kun LIU, Shaoyang DAI, Fasong ZHENG, Yani ZUO, Fang FANG. Progress in atomic clocks and the redefinition of the "second"[J]. Metrology & Measurement Technology, 2025, 45(2): 5

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    Paper Information

    Category: Quantum Precision Measurement, Quantum Metrology and Quantum Sensing Technology

    Received: Feb. 19, 2025

    Accepted: --

    Published Online: Jul. 23, 2025

    The Author Email:

    DOI:10.11823/j.issn.1674-5795.2025.02.01

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