Ultra-sensitive Dirac-point-based biosensing on terahertz metasurfaces comprising patterned graphene and perovskites

Xin Yan; Tengteng Li; Guohong Ma; Ju Gao; Tongling Wang; Haiyun Yao; Maosheng Yang; Lanju Liang; Jing Li; Jie Li; Dequan Wei; Meng Wang; Yunxia Ye; Xiaoxian Song; Haiting Zhang; Chao Ma; Yunpeng Ren; Xudong Ren; Jianquan Yao

doi:10.1364/PRJ.444225

Photonics Research, Volume. 10, Issue 2, 280(2022)

Ultra-sensitive Dirac-point-based biosensing on terahertz metasurfaces comprising patterned graphene and perovskites

Xin Yan^1、†, Tengteng Li^2、†, Guohong Ma³, Ju Gao¹, Tongling Wang⁴, Haiyun Yao^1,6、*, Maosheng Yang^5,7、*, Lanju Liang^1,8、*, Jing Li⁵, Jie Li², Dequan Wei¹, Meng Wang¹, Yunxia Ye⁵, Xiaoxian Song⁵, Haiting Zhang⁵, Chao Ma⁵, Yunpeng Ren⁵, Xudong Ren⁵, and Jianquan Yao²

Author Affiliations

¹School of Opto-electronic Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China

²College of Precision Instruments and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China

³Department of Physics, School of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China

⁴School of Telecommunications, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250306, China

⁵Institute of Micro-nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, College of Information Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China

⁶e-mail: haiyun1990yao@163.com

⁷e-mail: 2111803010@stmail.ujs.edu.cn

⁸e-mail: lianglanju123@163.com

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Figures & Tables(6)

$Manufacture and characterization of the HDOMM. (a) Manufacturing process: (i) an EIT-like metasurface sample was prepared; (ii) a metal halide perovskite [CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3)] was spin-coated on the EIT-like metasurface sample; (iii) the PI film was spin-coated on MAPbI3; (iv) graphene was transferred onto the PI film; (v) the trilayer graphene was patterned into a fishing net structure with round holes; (vi) sericin was qualitatively sensed. (b) Three optical microscope images of the different samples. (c) Unit cell of the EIT-like metasurface. The corresponding parameters are P=200 μm, l=170 μm, w=20 μm, a=130 μm, b=60 μm, c=40 μm, d=15 μme=10 μm, m=36 μm. (d) Raman spectrum of graphene. The inset is a sample of the EIT-like metasurface with the patterned graphene and MAPbI3 film. (e) X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the perovskite films. The inset is an SEM image of MAPbI3.$

Fig. 1. Manufacture and characterization of the HDOMM. (a) Manufacturing process: (i) an EIT-like metasurface sample was prepared; (ii) a metal halide perovskite [CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3)] was spin-coated on the EIT-like metasurface sample; (iii) the PI film was spin-coated on MAPbI3; (iv) graphene was transferred onto the PI film; (v) the trilayer graphene was patterned into a fishing net structure with round holes; (vi) sericin was qualitatively sensed. (b) Three optical microscope images of the different samples. (c) Unit cell of the EIT-like metasurface. The corresponding parameters are P=200 μm, l=170 μm, w=20 μm, a=130 μm, b=60 μm, c=40 μm, d=15 μme=10 μm, m=36 μm. (d) Raman spectrum of graphene. The inset is a sample of the EIT-like metasurface with the patterned graphene and MAPbI3 film. (e) X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the perovskite films. The inset is an SEM image of MAPbI3.

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Fig. 2. Performance and mechanism of the EIT-like metasurface. (a) Experimental and simulated transmission spectra. (b) Simulated transmission spectra under different conductivities. (c) Simulated electric field distributions at 0.65 THz. (d) Surface current distributions at 0.65 THz. (e)–(h) Simulated electric field distributions under different conductivities.

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Fig. 3. Sensing performance of the HDOMM biosensor based on amplitude. (a)–(c) Experimental transmission spectra. (d)–(f) Corresponding theoretical fitted transmission spectra from (a)–(c). (g)–(i) Fitting parameters γ1 and γ2 as functions of sericin concentration. (j)–(l) Sensing mechanisms.

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Fig. 4. Sensing performance of the HDOMM biosensor based on phase. (a)–(c) Experimental phase spectra for the HDOMM at sericin concentrations from 780 pg/mL to 1.25 μg/mL. (d) Role of perovskite in phase-based sensing.

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Table 1. Δγ/γ for Different Sericin Concentrations
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Table 1. Δγ/γ for Different Sericin Concentrations
Concentration of Sericin $Δ γ_{1 /} γ_{1}$ $Δ γ_{2 /} γ_{2}$
780 pg/mL 32% 38%
1.17 ng/mL 20% 20%
1.25 μg/mL 13% 23%

Table 2. Comparison with Previous Works^a

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Table 2. Comparison with Previous Works^a

Sensors	Analytes	LOD	IBEMG	IDPBB
HDOMM	Sericin	780 pg/mL	No $π - π$ stacking
Graphene + MS [42]	Fructose	100 ng/mL	No $π - π$ stacking	$1.28 \times 10^{2}$
CNT + MS [15]	Chlorpyrifos methyl	10 ng/mL	$π - π$ stacking	$1.28 \times 10^{1}$
Graphene + MS [42]	Chlorpyrifos methyl	20 ng/mL	$π - π$ stacking	$2.56 \times 10^{1}$
Graphene + PI [43]	Chlorpyrifos methyl	130 ng/mL	$π - π$ stacking	$1.66 \times 10^{2}$

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Xin Yan, Tengteng Li, Guohong Ma, Ju Gao, Tongling Wang, Haiyun Yao, Maosheng Yang, Lanju Liang, Jing Li, Jie Li, Dequan Wei, Meng Wang, Yunxia Ye, Xiaoxian Song, Haiting Zhang, Chao Ma, Yunpeng Ren, Xudong Ren, Jianquan Yao, "Ultra-sensitive Dirac-point-based biosensing on terahertz metasurfaces comprising patterned graphene and perovskites," Photonics Res. 10, 280 (2022)

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