Fig. 1. Morphologies of powders; (a) TC4 powder; (b) Ni60 powder; (c) NiCr-Cr₃C₂ powder; (d) CeO₂ powder

Fig. 2. Laser processing system. (a) Laser cladding processing system; (b) schematic of synchronous powder feeding method for laser cladding

Fig. 3. XRD analysis results of powders; (a) Ni60 powder; (b) TC4 powder; (c) NiCr-Cr₃C₂ powder; (d) CeO₂ powder

Fig. 4. Phase and reaction analysis of coating. (a) XRD image of coating; (b) ΔG versus T for different reactions; (c) schematic of phase precipitation sequence

Fig. 5. Morphologies and microstructures of coating. (a) Morphology of coating bonding zone; (b) enlarged view of area A in Fig.5(a); (c) microstructure of coating; (d) enlarged view of area B in Fig.5(c)

Fig. 6. EDS results of coating phases. (a) TiC; (b) Ti₂Ni; (c) TiB₂; (d) α-Ti

Fig. 7. Microstructures of coating and elemental distribution map. (a) SE image; (b) backscattered electron image; (c) distribution of Ti; (d) distribution of C; (e) distribution of B; (f) distribution of Ni; (g) distribution of Al; (h) distribution of Cr; (i) distribution of Ce; (j) distribution of O

Fig. 8. Micro-hardness distribution of coating

Fig. 9. Analysis results by white-light interferometric profilometer and SEM images of wear surfaces. (a)(c) Ti811 substrate; (b)(d) coating

Fig. 10. Friction and wear properties of coating. (a) Wear volume of Ti811 substrate; (b) wear volume of coating; (c) friction coefficient comparison of Ti811 substrate and coating; (d) wear track profile comparison of Ti811 substrate and coating