Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 62, Issue 1, 0100002(2025)
Research Progress of Cr∶ZnSe/S Crystal Properties and 2-3 μm Mid-Infrared Lasers
Figures & Tables(9)
![Absorption and emission spectra of Cr∶ZnSe/S crystals[19]. (a) Absorption spectrum of Cr:ZnS crystal; (b) absorption spectra of Cr∶ZnSe crystal; (c) emission spectrum of Cr∶ZnS crystal; (d) emission spectra of Cr∶ZnSe crystal](/Images/icon/loading.gif){kind=icon}
Fig. 2. Absorption and emission spectra of Cr∶ZnSe/S crystals[19]. (a) Absorption spectrum of Cr:ZnS crystal; (b) absorption spectra of Cr∶ZnSe crystal; (c) emission spectrum of Cr∶ZnS crystal; (d) emission spectra of Cr∶ZnSe crystal
Table 1. Physical and optical properties of Cr∶ZnSe/S
View tableTable 1. Physical and optical properties of Cr∶ZnSe/S
Physical property Cr∶ZnS Cr∶ZnSe Spectral property Cr∶ZnS Cr∶ZnSe Transparency range /μm 0.38‒14 0.5‒15 Peak emission cross-section σem /（10-18 cm2） 1.4 1.3 Thermal conductivity /（W·cm-1·K-1） 0.27 0.19 Reflection peak λem /μm 2.35 2.45 dn/dT /（10-6 K-1） 46 70 Peak absorption cross-section σabs /（10-18 cm2） 1.0 1.1 Refractive index 2.27 2.45 Absorption peak λabs /μm 1.69 1.77 Second-order nonlinearity deff /（pm /V） 8 30 τem at 300 K /μs 4.3 5.5 Thermal expansion coefficient /（10-6 K-1） 6.4 7.3 Fluorescence bandwidth /nm 800 900 Third-order nonlinearity n2 /（10-20 m2 /W） 90 （1.3 μm） 170 （1.8 μm） Fluorescence quantum efficiency ~0.75 ~1
Table 2. Research progress of continuous and tunable Cr∶ZnSe/S lasers
View tableTable 2. Research progress of continuous and tunable Cr∶ZnSe/S lasers
Year Gain medium Pump Tuned cell Output wavelength /nm Tuning bandwidth /nm Laser linewidth Output power /W 1997［ 21 ］Cr∶ZnSe Co∶MgF2 Grating 2150‒2800 650 1 nm ‒ 1999［ 28 ］Cr∶ZnSe Tm：YAP Prism 2138‒2760 622 4 nm 0.25 2001［ 29 ］Cr∶ZnSe Tm：YAG ‒ 2500 ‒ ‒ 1.4 2002［ 22 ］Cr∶ZnS Co∶MgF2 Prism 2188‒2465 277 ‒ ≥0.1 2002［ 30 ］Cr∶ZnS EDFL Prism 2170‒2840 670 ‒ ‒ 2004［ 31 ］Cr∶ZnSe Tm∶YALO ‒ 2460 ‒ <20 MHz 0.01 2006［ 32 ］Cr∶ZnSe Nd∶YAG Prism 1880‒3100 1220 ‒ 0.145 2008［ 33 ］Cr∶ZnSe EDFL Grating 2120‒2770 650 2 nm 1.5‒2.1 2009［ 23 ］Cr∶ZnS EDFL Grating 1940‒2780 840 ‒ 7.4 2010［ 34 ］Cr∶ZnSe TDFL Grating 2275‒2700 425 <2 nm 14 2010［ 9 ］Cr∶ZnS EDFL ZnSe prism 1962‒3195 1233 <10 GHz >0.6 2010［ 9 ］Cr∶ZnSe EDFL CaF2 prism 1973‒3349 1376 <10 GHz 0.6 2012［ 24 ］Cr∶ZnSe LD EOTF 2200‒2600 400 <0.5 nm 3.7 2012［ 25 ］Cr∶ZnSe LD Grating 2120‒2580 460 100 kHz 0.16 2013［ 26 ］Cr∶ZnSe Tm∶YLF CaF2 prism 2179‒2720 541 ‒ 0.383 2015［ 35 ］Cr∶ZnSe TDFL Grating 2077‒2777 700 3 GHz 0.12 2016［ 10 ］Cr∶ZnSe/S TDFL ‒ 2500 ‒ ‒ 140 2017［ 36 ］Cr∶ZnS EDFL AOTF 1890‒2785 895 0.8 nm 2.8 2019［ 37 ］Cr∶ZnSe TDFL Quartz 2365‒2492 127 ‒ 0.22 2021［ 38 ］Cr∶ZnS Tm∶YAP Birefringent filter 2350‒2520 170 30 nm ‒ 2022［ 39 ］Cr∶ZnSe LD Birefringent filter 2100‒2700 600 5 nm ≥0.15 2023［ 27 ］Cr∶ZnSe LD Birefringent plate 2050‒2650 600 5‒10 nm >1
Table 3. Research progress of Cr∶ZnSe/S short pulse lasers
View tableTable 3. Research progress of Cr∶ZnSe/S short pulse lasers
Year Gain medium Pump Operation mode Repetition frequency Pulse width /ns Pulseenergy Peak power 2003［ 40 ］Cr∶ZnSe Tm∶YAlO3 AO Q-switched ‒ 15 157 μJ 12.5 W 2005［ 41 ］Cr∶ZnSe Tm∶YALO Q-switched 7 kHz 100 ‒ 18.5 W 2010［ 47 ］Cr∶ZnSe Tm∶YAP Gain-switched ‒ 11.25 ‒ 4.08 W 2011［ 48 ］Cr∶ZnSe Cr∶Tm ∶Ho ∶YAG/Nd∶YAG Gain-switched 3/10 Hz 60/7 3.1/10.1 mJ 0.194/1.443 MW 2012［ 42 ］Cr∶ZnSe Er∶glass Gain-switched ‒ ‒ 1.1 J ‒ 2013［ 49 ］Cr∶ZnSe Nd∶YAG Gain-switched 10 Hz 7 20 mJ ‒ 2014［ 50 ］Cr∶ZnSe Tm∶YLF Gain-switched 20 Hz 1.75 0.5 mJ 300 kW 2015［ 43 ］Cr∶ZnSe TDFL Passively Q-switched 169 kHz 157 1.66 μJ 10.6 W 2015［ 44 ］Cr∶ZnSe Tm∶YAG Gain-switched 10 Hz ‒ 7.9 mJ ‒ 2016［ 51 ］Cr∶ZnSe Ho∶YAG Gain-switched 2 kHz 28.5 14.6 mJ 96.5 kW 2016［ 52 ］Cr∶ZnSe/S Ho∶YAG MOPA Gain-switched 200 Hz 5 16 mJ ‒ 2016［ 53 ］Cr∶ZnSe TDFL Q-switched 176 kHz 189 205 nJ 36 mW 2017［ 45 ］Cr∶ZnSe Tm∶YAG MOPA ‒ ‒ 52.2 mJ ‒ 2018［ 54 ］Cr∶ZnSe Tm∶YAG Gain-switched ‒ 56 0.8 mJ ‒ 2021［ 46 ］Cr∶ZnSe Er∶YAG Amplification 1 kHz 25 1.6 mJ ‒
Table 4. Research progress of Cr∶ZnSe/S ultrashort pulse lasers
View tableTable 4. Research progress of Cr∶ZnSe/S ultrashort pulse lasers
Year Gain medium Pump Mode-locked mechanism Repetition frequency /MHz Pulse width /fs Output wavelength /nm Output power /W 2000［ 55 ］Cr∶ZnSe NaCl∶OH‒ color-center laser AOM 81 4400 2470 0.082 2001［ 56 ］Cr∶ZnSe Co∶MgF2 AOM 100 4000 ‒ 0.4 2005［ 57 ］Cr∶ZnSe Tm∶TALO SESAM 100 11000 2500 0.4 2006［ 58 ］Cr∶ZnS EDFL SESAM 150 1100 2450 0.125 2006［ 69 ］Cr∶ZnSe EDFL SESAM 200 100 2450 0.075 2007［ 59 ］Cr∶ZnSe EDFL KLM 180 80 2400 0.08 2008［ 70 ］Cr∶ZnSe EDFL KLM 103 ≥300 2400 0.05 2011［ 66 ］Cr∶ZnSe TDFL CPA 10-3 300 2475 ‒ 2011［ 71 ］Cr∶ZnS EDFL KLM 180 110 2400 0.2 2013［ 60 ］Cr∶ZnSe TDFL Graphene 77 226 2500 0.08 2014［ 61 ］Cr∶ZnSe EYDF Graphene ‒ 116 2352 0.066 2014［ 62 ］Cr∶ZnS EDFL Graphene 108 41 2400 0.25 2015［ 72 ］Cr∶ZnS EDFL KLM 100 <29 2400 0.44 2016［ 67 ］Cr∶ZnSe TDFL CPA 10-3 184 2500 1 2016［ 63 ］Cr∶ZnS EDFL KLM 84 19 ‒ ‒ 2016［ 64 ］Cr∶ZnSe/S EDFL KLM 79 27/33 ‒ 2.7/7.1 2016［ 73 ］Cr∶ZnS EDFL Graphene 112 220 2120‒2408 0.88 2017［ 65 ］Cr∶ZnSe Er∶YAG KLM 115 125 2347 0.08 2019［ 74 ］Cr∶ZnSe LD KLM 64.7 45 2400 ≥0.5 2019［ 75 ］Cr∶ZnS EDFL SWCNT 76 49 ‒ 0.186 2021［ 76 ］Cr∶ZnS EDFL SESAM 250 79 2370 0.8 2022［ 77 ］Cr∶ZnSe TDFL KLM 171 34 2400 0.15 2022［ 78 ］Cr∶ZnS LD CNTs ‒ 83 ‒ 0.3 2022［ 79 ］Cr∶ZnS TDFL KLM 72.6 126 2220‒2520 0.344 2023［ 80 ］Cr∶ZnS EDFL Graphene-ZnSe ‒ 102 2350 0.675 2023［ 81 ］Cr∶ZnS EDFL Graphene-ZnSe 233 73 2373 0.33 2023［ 68 ］Cr∶ZnS Nd∶YAG CPA 10-6 127.6 2400 ‒
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Mengyao Fan, Jing Liu, Yuqing Fan, Ting Yu, Bo Dai, Xisheng Ye. Research Progress of Cr∶ZnSe/S Crystal Properties and 2-3 μm Mid-Infrared Lasers[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2025, 62(1): 0100002
Paper Information
Category: Reviews
Received: Mar. 11, 2024
Accepted: Apr. 25, 2024
Published Online: Jan. 3, 2025
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