Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) utilizes a coherent detection method for optical microscopy. Having advantages, such as high axial resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio, and label-free imaging in optical coherence tomography (OCT), the OCM can achieve a micron-scale spatial resolution by utilizing a high-power objective for obtaining high lateral resolution. Initially, the basic principle and implementation scheme of the OCM technology are introduced; subsequently, the principles and research progress of the OCM technology around the world are summarized. This study also examines some advanced OCM technologies considering the problems that how to realize ultra-high-resolution imaging and that the depth of focus limits the imaging depth. The OCM technology has broad application prospect in biomedicine, material detection, and other fields.