Fig. 1. Cladding system

Fig. 2. Scanning paths. (a) Codirectional scanning path; (b) reciprocating scanning path

Fig. 3. Residual stress test points and multi-layer and multi-pass cladding layer after electro-polishing. (a) Residual stress test points; (b) multi-layer and multi-pass cladding layer after electro-polishing

Fig. 4. Meshed cladding models. (a) Single-pass cladding model; (b) multi-layer and multi-pass cladding model

Fig. 5. Comparison of simulated and experimental molten pools. (a) Comparison of simulated and experimental molten pools; (b) planform of single-pass cladding temperature field

Fig. 6. SEM image of cross-section of single-pass cladding layer and partially enlarged images. (a) SEM image of cross-section of single-pass cladding layer; (b) optical microscopy image in the location A; (c) optical microscopy image in the location B

Fig. 7. Temperature gradients in three directions at point A

Fig. 8. Maximum temperature curves

Fig. 9. Metallographic photos. (a) The junction between the base material and first layer for codirectional scanning path; (b) the junction between the second layer and the third layer for codirectional scanning path; (c) the junction between the base material and the first layer for reciprocating scanning path; (d) the junction between the second layer and the third layer for reciprocating scanning path

Fig. 10. Comparison of temperature gradient between different layers at Z direction

Fig. 11. Simulated and measured residual stress clouds for codirectional scanning path. (a) σ_x; (b) σ_y

Fig. 12. Simulated and measured residual stress clouds for reciprocating scanning path. (a) σ_x; (b) σ_y

Fig. 13. Mises stress distributions. (a) Codirectional scanning path; (b) reciprocating scanning path

Fig. 14. Residual stress clouds for codirectional scanning path. (a) σ_x; (b) σ_y

Fig. 15. Residual stress clouds for reciprocating scanning path. (a) σ_x; (b) σ_y