Collaborative Optimization of Forming Efficiency and Quality of Stainless Steel Using Selective Laser Melting

Fig. 4. Distribution cloud maps of laser power, scanning speed, and density.(a) Layer thickness is 30 μm; (b) layer thickness is 45 μm;(c) layer thickness is 60 μm

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Fig. 5. Distribution cloud maps of laser power, scanning speed, and roughness. (a) Layer thickness is 30 μm; (b) layer thickness is 45 μm; (c) layer thickness is 60 μm

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Fig. 6. Microstructures of z-direction of formed sample under different volume energy densities, when layer thickness is 30 μm.(a) 53.33 J/mm³; (b) 83.33 J/mm³; (c) 103.33 J/mm³

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Fig. 7. Microstructures of z-direction of formed sample under different volume energy densities, when layer thickness is 45 μm.(a) 35.36 J/mm³; (b) 57.14 J/mm³; (c) 81.48 J/mm³

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Fig. 8. Microstructures of z-direction of formed sample under different volume energy densities, when layer thickness is 60 μm.(a) 33.33 J/mm³; (b) 61.11 J/mm³; (c) 72 J/mm³

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Fig. 9. Cellular substructures of different powder thicknesses under optimal parameters. (a) Layer thickness is 30 μm; (b) layer thickness is 45 μm; (c) layer thickness is 60 μm

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Fig. 10. Fracture morphologies of different powder thickness under optimal parameters. (a)-(c) Concentrated hole defects with different magnifications; (d)-(f) macro morphologies at different layer thicknesses of 30 μm, 45 μm, and 60 μm

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Fig. 11. Fabricated specimen

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Table 1. Physical properties of 316L stainless steel powder
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Table 1. Physical properties of 316L stainless steel powder
Particle size /μm D10 /μm D50 /μm D90 /μm Apparent dendity /（g·cm^-3） Tap density /（g·cm^-3） Flowability /s
15-53 20.4 31.7 49.2 4.11 4.76 18.5

Table 2. Main chemical composition of 316L stainless steel powder
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Table 2. Main chemical composition of 316L stainless steel powder
Item Mass fraction /%
Fe Cr Ni Mo Mn Si P S C O
Standard
Tested
Bal.
Bal.
16-18
16.51
10-14
10.53
2-3
2.69
≤2.0
0.69
≤1.0
0.2
≤0.045
0.01
≤0.03
0.05
≤0.03
0.014
-
0.082

Table 3. Comprehensive test parameters

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Table 3. Comprehensive test parameters

Layer thickness /μm	Scanning speed /（mm·s^-1）	Laser power /W	Layer thicknes /μm	Scanning speed /（mm·s^-1）	Laser power /W	Layer thicknes /μm	Scanning speed /（mm·s^-1）	Laser power /W
30	600	140	45	600	160	60	600	180
30	700	140	45	700	160	60	700	180
30	800	140	45	800	160	60	800	180
30	900	140	45	900	160	60	900	180
30	1000	140	45	1000	160	60	1000	180
30	600	160	45	600	180	60	600	200
30	700	160	45	700	180	60	700	200
30	800	160	45	800	180	60	800	200
30	900	160	45	900	180	60	900	200
30	1000	160	45	1000	180	60	1000	200
30	600	180	45	600	200	60	600	220
30	700	180	45	700	200	60	700	220
30	800	180	45	800	200	60	800	220
30	900	180	45	900	200	60	900	220
30	1000	180	45	1000	200	60	1000	220
30	600	200	45	600	220	60	600	240
30	700	200	45	700	220	60	700	240
30	800	200	45	800	220	60	800	240
30	900	200	45	900	220	60	900	240
30	1000	200	45	1000	220	60	1000	240
30	600	220	45	600	240	60	600	260
30	700	220	45	700	240	60	700	260
30	800	220	45	800	240	60	800	260
30	900	220	45	900	240	60	900	260
30	1000	220	45	1000	240	60	1000	260

Table 4. Tensile test results

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Table 4. Tensile test results

Layer thickness /μm	Scanning speed /（mm·s^-1）	Laser power /W	Bulk laser energy density /（J·mm^-3）	Tensile strength /MPa	Elongation to failure /%	Surface roughnesss /μm	Relative density /%
30	700	160	76.19	604 $_{- 16}^{+ 25}$	55.50	8.339	99.50
30	900	180	66.67	601 $_{- 2}^{+ 3}$	63.18	8.666	99.62
30	800	200	83.33	576 $_{- 1}^{+ 1}$	65.08	7.368	99.92
45	600	180	66.67	600 $_{- 2}^{+ 1}$	56.50	7.850	99.90
45	700	180	57.14	578 $_{- 1}^{+ 1}$	56.15	8.694	99.45
45	600	200	74.07	620 $_{- 7}^{+ 3}$	60.12	8.240	99.78
60	600	220	61.11	627 $_{- 1}^{+ 1}$	54.86	9.674	99.93
60	600	240	66.67	633 $_{- 1}^{+ 1}$	58.50	9.560	99.60
60	700	260	61.90	623 $_{- 1}^{+ 2}$	57.10	9.715	99.33

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Qiao Li, Jia Liu, Yan Shi, Xianheng Du. Collaborative Optimization of Forming Efficiency and Quality of Stainless Steel Using Selective Laser Melting[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2022, 59(21): 2116002

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