With the rapid advancements in fields such as high-performance computing, artificial intelligence, and intelligent vehicles, the demand for high-resolution graphical technology and contactless processing has increased. Advanced laser ablation for substrate patterning has gradually become an important method for achieving miniaturization and high integration of electronic devices. This paper introduces the research progress on processing different materials, such as organic and inorganic substrates, using advanced laser patterning technology. It specifically discusses the effects of different lasers on various substrate materials. Further, it reviews the application methods and effects of advanced laser patterning technology in areas such as through glass via advanced packaging technology, flexible sensors, microfluidic devices, and micro-nano optics and resonant devices. Finally, the future potential of advanced laser patterning technology is discussed, offering valuable insights for researchers working in related fields.