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Forensic Sciences Research, Volume. 9, Issue 3, owae035(2024)

Piece by piece—a computer-aided method for virtual re-association of commingled fragmented remains

Lise Malfroy Camine1,2,3、*, Virginie Magnin4, Ruben Soto4, Christine Bruguier4,5, Silke Grabherr1, Vincent Varlet2, and Negahnaz Moghaddam2,4,6
Author Affiliations
  • 1University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
  • 2Swiss Human Institute of Forensic Taphonomy, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
  • 3Forensic Sciences Institute of the French Gendarmerie, Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale (IRCGN), Pontoise, France
  • 4Forensic Imaging and Anthropology Unit, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
  • 5Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
  • 6Forensic Pathology Unit, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
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    One of the six porcine femurs, before (A) and after (B) cleaning.

    Fig. 1. One of the six porcine femurs, before (A) and after (B) cleaning.

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    A porcine femur after manual fragmentation.

    Fig. 2. A porcine femur after manual fragmentation.

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    Description of the six steps of the virtual re-association protocol. ICP: iterative closest points.

    Fig. 3. Description of the six steps of the virtual re-association protocol. ICP: iterative closest points.

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    Full reconstruction of a porcine femur using the physical re-association method.

    Fig. 4. Full reconstruction of a porcine femur using the physical re-association method.

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    Applied methodology for comparing the virtual re-association (VRA) and physical re-association (PRA) methods. MDCT: multi-detector computed tomography.

    Fig. 5. Applied methodology for comparing the virtual re-association (VRA) and physical re-association (PRA) methods. MDCT: multi-detector computed tomography.

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    Initial gridding of the controlled bombing site.

    Fig. 6. Initial gridding of the controlled bombing site.

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    Three-dimensional models (STL files) of the fragments resulting from the bombing experiment, sorted in the CloudCompare® software.

    Fig. 7. Three-dimensional models (STL files) of the fragments resulting from the bombing experiment, sorted in the CloudCompare® software.

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    Colorimetric assessment of the cloud-to-cloud absolute distance between an intact bone and its full reconstruction using the virtual re-association (VRA) (left) and the physical re-association (PRA) (right) methods.

    Fig. 8. Colorimetric assessment of the cloud-to-cloud absolute distance between an intact bone and its full reconstruction using the virtual re-association (VRA) (left) and the physical re-association (PRA) (right) methods.

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    Virtual re-association (VRA) of three mandibular fragments.

    Fig. 9. Virtual re-association (VRA) of three mandibular fragments.

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    • Table 1. Comparison of the results of the virtual re-association (VRA) and physical re-association (PRA) methods for the reconstruction time, the mean cloud-to-cloud distance, and the number of reassociated fragments.

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      Table 1. Comparison of the results of the virtual re-association (VRA) and physical re-association (PRA) methods for the reconstruction time, the mean cloud-to-cloud distance, and the number of reassociated fragments.

      Sets of fragmented femursReconstruction time (min)Mean distance (mm)Number of re-associated fragments (N)
      VRAPRAVRAPRANumber of fragmentsVRAPRA
      F2.011452180.81.3261117
      F2.021201770.50.72089
      F2.031372051.00.8311322
      F2.041502241.21.2261418
      F2.05951901.31.22699
      F2.061442521.31.2431919
      Intraclass correlation coefficient0.711514 20 0.614861 86 0.736882 58  
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    Lise Malfroy Camine, Virginie Magnin, Ruben Soto, Christine Bruguier, Silke Grabherr, Vincent Varlet, Negahnaz Moghaddam. Piece by piece—a computer-aided method for virtual re-association of commingled fragmented remains[J]. Forensic Sciences Research, 2024, 9(3): owae035

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    Paper Information

    Category: Research Articles

    Received: Dec. 16, 2023

    Accepted: Jul. 13, 2024

    Published Online: Sep. 22, 2025

    The Author Email: Lise Malfroy Camine (lise.malfroy@gmail.com)

    DOI:10.1093/fsr/owae035

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