Inspection and Identification of Blades Using X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy Combined with Random Forest

Tao Zhang; Chunyu Li; Hong Jiang; Zhuo Yang; Hongli Tian; Xiaojing Liu; Wei Han

doi:10.3788/LOP240675

Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 61, Issue 21, 2130002(2024)

Inspection and Identification of Blades Using X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy Combined with Random Forest

Tao Zhang¹, Chunyu Li^1、*, Hong Jiang², Zhuo Yang¹, Hongli Tian³, Xiaojing Liu³, and Wei Han³

Author Affiliations

¹Institite of Criminal Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, China

²Criminal Investigation Department, Gansu Police Vocational College, Lanzhou , 730046, Gansu , China

³Beijing Ancoren Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101102, China

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Abstract Get PDF(in Chinese)

Figures & Tables(17)

Fig. 1. Work principle of XRF

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Fig. 2. Principle of PCA

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Fig. 3. Principle of RF algorithm

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Fig. 4. Principle of k-fold cross-validation

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$Relative mass fraction of elements (different color lines indicate different types of blades). (a) Primary and secondary elements, illustration shows details of the relative mass fraction of partial secondary elements; (b) trace elements$

Fig. 5. Relative mass fraction of elements (different color lines indicate different types of blades). (a) Primary and secondary elements, illustration shows details of the relative mass fraction of partial secondary elements; (b) trace elements

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Fig. 6. RSD of three measurement results

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Fig. 7. Z-scores of feature elements

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Fig. 8. Z-score distribution scatter plot of Cu and Ti in samples

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Fig. 9. Score plot of PCA load coefficient

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Table 1. Information of blade samples

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Table 1. Information of blade samples

Number	Brand	Series	Number	Brand	Series
1	Dong Hao Cheng	DHC-009	31	De Wen	ZS003
2	Tajima	LCB-30H	32	De Wen	DW007
3	Tajima	LB39H	33	De Wen	DW102
4	Tajima	LB30N	34	Shou Pai	1361
5	Ri Gang	RG-80H	35	Shou Pai	1403
6	Ri Gang	RG-90K	36	Shou Pai	K361
7	Ri Gang	RG-229	37	Shou Pai	K403
8	Ri Gang	RG-3133	38	Shou Pai	1450
9	Bei Shan Xing	3106	39	Shou Pai	1404
10	Ren Kou Huang	FD-J09	40	Shou Pai	K404
11	Liang Jin	HQ-002	41	A Pa Qi	A013-1
12	Yong Guan Tong Chuang	Number 11	42	A Pa Qi	A013-2
13	Xiao Hong Yu	18	43	Ji Li Mang	ST300
14	Li Cao	LC5742A	44	Sen Li	SL-4132
15	OLFA	AB-10	45	Rui Shi Dun	RSD001
16	OLFA	ABSB-10	46	Qian Tian	DWS30
17	OLFA	DKB-10	47	Qian Tian	QTC50B
18	Chen Guang	ASS913G1	48	Qian Tian	QTH55B
19	Chen Guang	ASS91414	49	Qian Tian	QTH56B
20	Chen Guang	ASS91413	50	Qian Tian	QTH50G
21	Chen Guang	ASSN2232	51	Qian Tian	DW107
22	Chen Guang	ASS913H1	52	Mei Nai Te	MNT111401
23	Lu Lin	31178	53	Mei Nai Te	MNT111403
24	Lu Lin	31172	54	Mei Nai Te	MNT11402
25	Lu Lin	31173	55	Zhuo Mu Niao	FD508
26	Lu Lin	31171	56	Zhuo Mu Niao	FD509
27	Lu Lin	31174	57	Zhuo Mu Niao	FD517
28	Lu Lin	31176	58	Zhuo Mu Niao	FD516
29	Yu Shun	B1001804	59	Zhuo Mu Niao	FD506
30	AiLIHua	ALH-9	60	Zhuo Mu Niao	FDB40A
61	Zhuo Mu Niao	FDB50	71	Lao Nai Dao	FD-W40A
62	Zhuo Mu Niao	FD25	72	De Li	NUSGN
63	Zhuo Mu Niao	FD-14	73	De Li	78002
64	Zhuo Mu Niao	FD-703	74	De Li	2012
65	Lao Nai Dao	FD-W40	75	De Li	2015
66	Lao Nai Dao	FD-BS40A	76	De Li	DP093
67	Lao Nai Dao	FDFD-W50A	77	De Li	2011
68	Lao Nai Dao	FD-305A	78	De Li	DL007H
69	Lao Nai Dao	FD-W50D	79	De Li	007B
70	Lao Nai Dao	FD-708A	80	De Li	HT4008

Table 2. Examination elements
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Table 2. Examination elements
Analysis section Element
1 Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd
2 K、Ca、Ti、Mn、Fe
3 Co、Ga、Rb、Zr、Nb、Mo

Table 3. RSD and its ratio of elements

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Table 3. RSD and its ratio of elements

Element	External RSD	Internal RSD	Ratio
Fe	3.3641	0.0064	525.6406
Cr	260.7295	0.4698	554.9798
Mn	28.4698	0.4041	70.4524
Ni	113.5699	3.2700	34.7309
Cu	60.9710	3.9924	15.2718
Ti	25.0566	12.6977	1.9733
Pb	43.6436	4.2340	10.3079
Ca	41.0874	36.5839	1.1231
Mo	57.0758	2.1211	26.9086
K	52.8907	73.5486	0.7191
Zn	130.9096	39.9665	3.2755
Ga	28.5303	15.5010	1.8405
Cd	36.7373	39.0155	0.9416
Zr	32.6036	39.6893	0.8215
Nb	156.2345	38.2371	4.0859

Table 4. Eigenvalues and variance contribution rates of principal components

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Table 4. Eigenvalues and variance contribution rates of principal components

Principal component	Eigenvalue	Variance ratio /%	Cumulative variance ratio /%
PC1	4.4009	36.21335	36.21335
PC2	1.8363	15.11032	51.32367
PC3	1.1472	9.43950	60.76317
PC4	0.9811	8.07293	68.83610
PC5	0.9377	7.71570	76.55180
PC6	0.8569	7.05102	83.60282
PC7	0.6833	5.62301	89.22583
PC8	0.4535	3.73208	92.95791
PC9	0.339	2.78915	95.74706
PC10	0.3141	2.58457	98.33163

Table 5. Principal component matrix

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Table 5. Principal component matrix

Element	Load coefficient
Element	PC1	PC2	PC3
Fe	-0.457	0.020	-0.020
Cr	0.455	-0.039	0.043
Mn	0.153	0.295	-0.465
Cu	0.035	0.419	-0.295
Ni	0.254	0.018	0.061
Ti	-0.145	0.419	0.570
Pb	-0.173	0.546	0.268
Ca	-0.338	0.205	-0.308
Mo	0.268	0.399	-0.056
Zn	-0.071	-0.190	0.381
Ga	0.365	0.152	0.210
Nb	0.344	0.032	0.083

Table 6. Prediction error results
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Table 6. Prediction error results
Error number Actual sample Predicted sample
Number Brand Series Number Brand Series
1 49 Qian Tian QTH56B 51 Qian Tian DW107
2 62 Zhuo Mu Niao FD25 63 Zhuo Mu Niao FD-14
3 73 De Li 78002 74 De Li 2012
4 75 De Li 2015 26 Lu Lin 31171

Table 7. Pearson correlation coefficient
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Table 7. Pearson correlation coefficient
Error number Pearson correlation coefficient
1 0.999999988
2 0.999999997
3 0.999999999
4 0.999999998

Table 8. Results of three-fold cross-validation
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Table 8. Results of three-fold cross-validation
Item Prediction accuracy /%
15 elements 12 elements
First 87.50 93.75
Second 92.50 92.50
Third 90.00 91.25
Average 90.00 92.50
Standard deviation 2.04 1.02

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Tao Zhang, Chunyu Li, Hong Jiang, Zhuo Yang, Hongli Tian, Xiaojing Liu, Wei Han. Inspection and Identification of Blades Using X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy Combined with Random Forest[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2024, 61(21): 2130002

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