Third-order nonlinear optical properties of WTe<sub>2</sub> films synthesized by pulsed laser deposition

Mi He; Yequan Chen; Lipeng Zhu; Huan Wang; Xuefeng Wang; Xinlong Xu; Zhanyu Ren

doi:10.1364/PRJ.7.001493

Photonics Research, Volume. 7, Issue 12, 1493(2019)

Third-order nonlinear optical properties of WTe₂ films synthesized by pulsed laser deposition

Mi He¹, Yequan Chen², Lipeng Zhu³, Huan Wang¹, Xuefeng Wang^2,4、*, Xinlong Xu¹, and Zhanyu Ren^1,5、*

¹Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene, State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Photoelectric Technology and Functional Materials, International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, Institute of Photonics & Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China

²National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China

³School of Electronic Engineering, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an 710121, China

⁴e-mail: xfwang@nju.edu.cn

⁵e-mail: rzy@nwu.edu.cn

show less

References(58)

[1] E. Arimondo, F. Casagrande, L. A. Lugiato, P. Glorieux. Repetitive passive Q-switching and bistability in lasers with saturable absorbers. Appl. Phys. B, 30, 57-77(1983).

[2] Y. C. Chen, N. R. Raravikar, L. S. Schadler, P. M. Ajayan, Y. P. Zhao, T. M. Lu, G. C. Wang, X. C. Zhang. Ultrafast optical switching properties of single-wall carbon nanotube polymer composites at 1.5 μm. Appl. Phys. Lett., 81, 975-977(2002).

[3] L. G. Deng, H. K. Liu. Nonlinear optical limiting of the azo dye methyl-red doped nematic liquid crystalline films. Opt. Eng., 42, 2936-2941(2003).

[4] K. Inoue, H. Toba. Wavelength conversion experiment using fiber four-wave mixing. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 4, 69-72(1992).

[5] J. L. Bredas, C. Adant, P. Tackx, A. Persoons, B. Pierce. Third-order nonlinear optical response in organic materials: theoretical and experimental aspects. Chem. Rev., 94, 243-278(1994).

[6] Y. Li, N. Dong, S. Zhang, X. Zhang, Y. Feng, K. Wang, L. Zhang, J. Wang. Giant two-photon absorption in monolayer MoS₂. Laser Photon. Rev., 9, 427-434(2015).

[7] X. F. Wang, Z. W. Wang, J. G. Yu, C. L. Liu, X. J. Zhao, Q. H. Gong. Large and ultrafast third-order optical nonlinearity of GeS₂-Ga₂S₃-CdS chalcogenide glass. Chem. Phys. Lett., 399, 230-233(2004).

[8] X. Q. Yan, X. L. Zhang, S. Shi, Z. B. Liu, J. G. Tian. Third-order nonlinear susceptibility tensor elements of CS₂ at femtosecond time scale. Opt. Express, 19, 5559-5564(2011).

[9] M. Liu, X. Yin, E. Ulin-Avila, B. Geng, T. Zentgraf, L. Ju, F. Wang, X. Zhang. A graphene-based broadband optical modulator. Nature, 474, 64-67(2011).

[10] Z. Sun, A. Martinez, F. Wang. Optical modulators with 2D layered materials. Nat. Photonics, 10, 227-238(2016).

[11] C. Lee, X. Wei, J. W. Kysar, J. Hone. Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science, 321, 385-388(2008).

[12] X. Dai, Z. Li, K. Du, H. Sun, Y. Yang, X. Zhang, X. Ma, J. Wang. Facile synthesis of in-situ nitrogenated graphene decorated by few-layer MoS₂ for hydrogen evolution reaction. Electrochim. Acta, 171, 72-80(2015).

[13] A. Martinez, Z. Sun. Nanotube and graphene saturable absorbers for fibre lasers. Nat. Photonics, 7, 842-845(2013).

[14] X. Liu, Q. Guo, J. Qiu. Emerging low-dimensional materials for nonlinear optics and ultrafast photonics. Adv. Mater., 29, 1605886(2017).

[15] K. Wang, J. Wang, J. Fan, M. Lotya, A. O’Neill, D. Fox, Y. Feng, X. Zhang, B. Jiang, Q. Zhao. Ultrafast saturable absorption of two-dimensional MoS₂ nanosheets. ACS Nano, 7, 9260-9267(2013).

[16] Z. Luo, Y. Li, M. Zhong, Y. Huang, X. Wan, J. Peng, J. Weng. Nonlinear optical absorption of few-layer molybdenum diselenide (MoSe₂) for passively mode-locked soliton fiber laser. Photon. Res., 3, A79-A86(2015).

[17] C. Torres-Torres, N. Perea-López, A. L. Elías, H. R. Gutiérrez, D. A. Cullen, A. Berkdemir, F. López-Urías, H. Terrones, M. Terrones. Third order nonlinear optical response exhibited by mono- and few-layers of WS₂. 2D Mater., 3, 021005(2016).

[18] C. Quan, M. He, C. He, Y. Huang, L. Zhu, Z. Yao, X. Xu, C. Lu, X. Xu. Transition from saturable absorption to reverse saturable absorption in MoTe₂ nano-films with thickness and pump intensity. Appl. Surf. Sci., 457, 115-120(2018).

[19] Y. Zhang, T. R. Chang, B. Zhou, Y. T. Cui, H. Yan, Z. Liu, F. Schmitt, J. Lee, R. Moore, Y. Chen, H. Lin, H. T. Jeng, S. K. Mo, Z. Hussain, A. Bansil, Z. X. Shen. Direct observation of the transition from indirect to direct bandgap in atomically thin epitaxial MoSe₂. Nat. Nanotechnol., 9, 111-115(2014).

[20] W. Jin, P. C. Yeh, N. Zaki, D. Zhang, J. T. Sadowski, A. Al-Mahboob, A. M. van der Zande, D. A. Chenet, J. I. Dadap, I. P. Herman, P. Sutter, J. Hone, R. M. Osgood. Direct measurement of the thickness-dependent electronic band structure of MoS₂ using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett., 111, 106801(2013).

[21] Y. Ding, Y. Wang, J. Ni, L. Shi, S. Shi, W. Tang. First principles study of structural, vibrational and electronic properties of graphene-like MX₂ (M=Mo, Nb, W, Ta; X=S, Se, Te) monolayers. Physica B, 406, 2254-2260(2011).

[22] Q. Zhao, Y. Guo, Y. Zhou, X. Xu, Z. Ren, J. Bai, X. Xu. Flexible and anisotropic properties of monolayer MX₂ (M = Tc and Re; X = S, Se). J. Phys. Chem. C, 121, 23744-23751(2017).

[23] M. N. Ali, J. Xiong, S. Flynn, J. Tao, Q. D. Gibson, L. M. Schoop, T. Liang, N. Haldolaarachchige, M. Hirschberger, N. P. Ong, R. J. Cava. Large, non-saturating magnetoresistance in WTe₂. Nature, 514, 205-208(2014).

[24] J. Augustin, V. Eyert, T. Böker, W. Frentrup, H. Dwelk, C. Janowitz, R. Manzke. Electronic band structure of the layered compound. Phys. Rev. B, 62, 10812-10823(2000).

[25] H. Y. Lv, W. J. Lu, D. F. Shao, Y. Liu, S. G. Tan, Y. P. Sun. Perfect charge compensation in WTe₂ for the extraordinary magnetoresistance: from bulk to monolayer. Europhys. Lett., 110, 37004(2015).

[26] W. D. Kong, S. F. Wu, P. Richard, C. S. Lian, J. T. Wang, C. L. Yang, Y. G. Shi, H. Ding. Raman scattering investigation of large positive magnetoresistance material WTe₂. Appl. Phys. Lett., 106, 081906(2015).

[27] Q. Song, H. Wang, X. Xu, X. Pan, Y. Wang, F. Song, X. Wan, L. Dai. The polarization-dependent anisotropic Raman response of few-layer and bulk WTe₂ under different excitation wavelengths. RSC Adv., 6, 103830(2016).

[28] Q. Song, X. Pan, H. Wang, K. Zhang, Q. Tan, P. Li, Y. Wan, Y. Wang, X. Xu, M. Lin, X. Wan, F. Song, L. Dai. The in-plane anisotropy of WTe₂ investigated by angle-dependent and polarized Raman spectroscopy. Sci. Rep., 6, 29254(2016).

[29] Y. Kim, Y. I. Jhon, J. Park, J. H. Kim, S. Lee, Y. M. Jhon. Anomalous Raman scattering and lattice dynamics in mono- and few-layer WTe₂. Nanoscale, 8, 2309-2316(2016).

[30] G. Cunningham, D. Hanlon, N. McEvoy, G. S. Duesberg, J. N. Coleman. Large variations in both dark- and photoconductivity in nanosheet networks as nanomaterial is varied from MoS₂ to WTe₂. Nanoscale, 7, 198-208(2015).

[31] J. Jiang, F. Tang, X. C. Pan, H. M. Liu, X. H. Niu, Y. X. Wang, D. F. Xu, H. F. Yang, B. P. Xie, F. Q. Song, P. Dudin, T. K. Kim, M. Hoesch, P. K. Das, I. Vobornik, X. G. Wan, D. L. Feng. Signature of strong spin-orbital coupling in the large nonsaturating magnetoresistance material WTe₂. Phys. Rev. Lett., 115, 166601(2015).

[32] A. Kumar, P. K. Ahluwalia. Electronic structure of transition metal dichalcogenides monolayers 1H-MX₂ (M = Mo, W; X = S, Se, Te) from ab-initio theory: new direct band gap semiconductors. Eur. Phys. J. B, 85, 186(2012).

[33] D. Mao, B. Du, D. Yang, S. Zhang, Y. Wang, W. Zhang, X. She, H. Cheng, H. Zeng, J. Zhao. Nonlinear saturable absorption of liquid-exfoliated molybdenum/tungsten ditelluride nanosheets. Small, 12, 1489-1497(2016).

[34] J. Koo, Y. I. Jhon, J. Park, J. Lee, Y. M. Jhon, J. H. Lee. Near-infrared saturable absorption of defective bulk-structured WTe₂ for femtosecond laser mode-locking. Adv. Funct. Mater., 26, 7454-7461(2016).

[35] W. Gao, L. Huang, J. Xu, Y. Chen, C. Zhu, Z. Nie, Y. Li, X. Wang, Z. Xie, S. Zhu, J. Xu, X. Wan, C. Zhang, Y. Xu, Y. Shi, F. Wang. Broadband photocarrier dynamics and nonlinear absorption of PLD-grown WTe₂ semimetal films. Appl. Phys. Lett., 112, 171112(2018).

[36] M. Gao, M. Zhang, W. Niu, Y. Chen, M. Gu, H. Wang, F. Song, P. Wang, S. Yan, F. Wang, X. Wang, X. Wang, Y. Xu, R. Zhang. Tuning the transport behavior of centimeter-scale WTe₂ ultrathin films fabricated by pulsed laser deposition. Appl. Phys. Lett., 111, 031906(2017).

[37] X. Zhang, S. Zhang, C. Chang, Y. Feng, Y. Li, N. Dong, K. Wang, L. Zhang, W. J. Blau, J. Wang. Facile fabrication of wafer-scale MoS₂ neat films with enhanced third-order nonlinear optical performance. Nanoscale, 7, 2978-2986(2015).

[38] D. Mueller, A. Shih, E. Roman, T. Madey, R. Kurtz, R. Stockbauer. A synchrotron radiation study of BaO films on W(001) and their interaction with H₂O, CO₂, and O₂. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 6, 1067-1071(1988).

[39] G. P. Halada, C. R. Clayton. Comparison of Mo-N and W-N synergism during passivation of stainless steel through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical analysis. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 11, 2342-2347(1993).

[40] S. F. Ho, S. Contarini, J. Rabalais. Ion-beam-induced chemical changes in the oxyanions (Moyn-) and oxides (Mox) where M = chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, niobium and tantalum. J. Phys. Chem., 91, 4779-4788(1987).

[41] Y. Jugnet, N. S. Prakash, L. Porte, T. M. Duc, T. T. A. Nguyen, R. Cinti, H. C. Poon, G. Grenet. Photoelectron diffraction on clean W(110) surface and bulk 4f core levels. Phys. Rev. B, 37, 8066-8071(1988).

[42] A. J. Ricco, H. S. White, M. S. Wrighton. X-ray photoelectron and Auger electron spectroscopic study of the CdTe surface resulting from various surface pretreatments: correlation of photoelectrochemical and capacitance-potential behavior with surface chemical composition. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 2, 910-915(1984).

[43] W. E. Sartz, K. J. Wynne, D. M. Hercules. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic investigation of Group VIA elements. Anal. Chem., 43, 1884-1887(1971).

[44] F. Ye, J. Lee, J. Hu, Z. Mao, J. Wei, P. X. Feng. Environmental instability and degradation of single- and few-layer WTe₂ nanosheets in ambient conditions. Small, 12, 5802-5808(2016).

[45] M. K. Jana, A. Singh, D. J. Late, C. R. Rajamathi, K. Biswas, C. Felser, U. V. Waghmare, C. N. Rao. A combined experimental and theoretical study of the structural, electronic and vibrational properties of bulk and few-layer Td-WTe₂. J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 27, 285401(2015).

[46] S. Ijaz, A. Mahendru, D. Sanderson. Sensitive measurement of optical nonlinearities using a single beam. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 26, 760-769(2002).

[47] G. Kresse. Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set. Phys. Rev. B, 54, 11169-11186(1996).

[48] J. P. Perdew, K. Burke, M. Ernzerhof. Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Phys. Rev. Lett., 77, 3865-3868(1996).

[49] Z. Burshtein, P. Blau, Y. Kalisky, Y. Shimony, M. R. Kikta. Excited-state absorption studies of Cr⁴⁺ ions in several garnet host crystals. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 34, 292-299(2002).

[50] M. Sheik-Bahae, A. A. Said, E. W. Van Stryland. High-sensitivity, single-beam n₂ measurements. Opt. Lett., 14, 955-957(1989).

[51] T. K. Gustafson, P. L. Kelley, R. Y. Chiao, R. G. Brewer. Self-trapping in media with saturation of the nonlinear index. Appl. Phys. Lett., 12, 165-168(1968).

[52] A. D. Boardman, S. Saltiel, S. Tanev. High-order nonlinear phase shift caused by cascaded third-order processes. Opt. Lett., 22, 148-150(1997).

[53] R. W. Boyd, S. G. Lukishova, Y. R. Shen. Self-focusing: Past and Present(2009).

[54] A. A. Said, D. J. Hagan, E. W. V. Stryland, J. Wang, J. Young, M. Sheikbahae, T. H. Wei. Determination of bound-electronic and free-carrier nonlinearities in ZnSe, GaAs, CdTe, and ZnTe. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 9, 405-414(1992).

[55] S. Lu, C. Zhao, Y. Zou, S. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Li, H. Zhang, S. Wen, D. Tang. Third order nonlinear optical property of Bi₂Se₃. Opt. Express, 21, 2072-2082(2013).

[56] S. Bikorimana, P. Lama, A. Walser, R. Dorsinville, S. Anghel, A. Mitioglu, A. Micu, L. Kulyuk. Nonlinear optical responses in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide multilayer: WS₂, WSe₂, MoS₂ and Mo_0.5W_0.5S₂. Opt. Express, 24, 20685-20695(2016).

[57] J. Li, C. G. Duan, Z. Q. Gu, D. S. Wang. Linear optical properties and multiphoton absorption of alkali halides calculated from first principles. Phys. Rev. B, 57, 2222-2228(1998).

[58] K. Wang, Y. Feng, C. Chang, J. Zhan, C. Wang, Q. Zhao, J. N. Coleman, L. Zhang, W. J. Blau, J. Wang. Broadband ultrafast nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction of layered molybdenum dichalcogenide semiconductors. Nanoscale, 6, 10530-10535(2014).

CLP Journals

[1] Danyang Shen, Jing Qian, Chengwei Wang, Guande Wang, Xuehui Wang, Quanzhong Zhao, "Facile preparation of silver nanoparticles in bulk silicate glass by high-repetition-rate picosecond laser pulses," Chin. Opt. Lett. 19, 011901 (2021)

Tools

Get Citation

Copy Citation Text

Mi He, Yequan Chen, Lipeng Zhu, Huan Wang, Xuefeng Wang, Xinlong Xu, Zhanyu Ren, "Third-order nonlinear optical properties of WTe₂ films synthesized by pulsed laser deposition," Photonics Res. 7, 1493 (2019)

Download Citation

EndNote(RIS)BibTex Plain Text

Set citation alerts for article

Save article for my favorites

Paper Information

Category: Optical and Photonic Materials

Received: Jun. 4, 2019

Accepted: Sep. 6, 2019

Published Online: Nov. 22, 2019

The Author Email: Xuefeng Wang (xfwang@nju.edu.cn), Zhanyu Ren (rzy@nwu.edu.cn)

DOI:10.1364/PRJ.7.001493

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology