Fig. 1. (a) Schematic image of the Poincaré sphere; (b) Representation of LP and CP on a Poincaré sphere

Fig. 2. Schematic image of the PB phase

Fig. 3. (a) Schematic image of the traditional Snell’s law; (b) Schematic image of generalized refraction law; (c) Schematic image of generalized reflection law

Fig. 4. (a) Schematic image of plasma metasurface polarization conversion^[67]; (b) Plasma metasurface polarization converter cell structure and calculated reflection coefficient and phase curve^[67]; (c) Calculated degree of linear polarization (DoLPs) and angle of linear polarization (AoLPs) of the four designed nano structures as a function of the rotation angle of θ^[67]; (d) SEM image of the fabricated metasurface polarization conversion^[67]

Fig. 5. (a) Schematic (left) and SEM (right) image of the designed metasurface consisting of TiO₂ nanopillars on a fused-silica substrate^[72]; (b) Schematic of the LP polarization manipulation (left), which employs only the propagation phase. The transmission coefficient and phase shift (right)^[72]; (c) Schematic of the CP polarization manipulation (left) achieved by combining propagation and PB phases. The conversion efficiency and phase shift (right)^[72]; (d) Experimental setup for full-Stokes polarimetry^[72]; (e) The experimental and simulated intensity distributions of the metasurface and corresponding reconstructed Stokes parameters for the selected six basis polarization states on a Poincaré sphere^[72]

Fig. 6. (a) Schematic illustration of the the on-axis broadband achromatic focusing optical vortex generator (BAFOV) generation with polarization-dependent functions^[82]; (b) SEM images of the fabricated polarization-controlled BAFOV^[82]; (c) Schematic illustration of the characterizing system for the measurement of fabricated metadevices^[82]; (d) Performance of the BAFOV generator^[82]

Fig. 7. (a) Schematic of Meta-VCSELs^[84]; (b) The achievable polarization states on the Poincaré sphere in this example by operating the anisotropic meta-atoms as nano half-waveplates^[84]; (c) Generations of vector vortex beams^[84]

Fig. 8. (a) Schematic of phase control of spin decoupling on chiral metasurfaces^[93]; (b) Conceptual illustration of generating multi-channel perfect HDPBs via cascaded chiral metasurfaces^[93]; (c) Optical encryption demonstration based on cascaded metasurfaces^[93]

Fig. 9. (a) Schematic illustrations of polarization multiplexed holograms based on dielectric metasurfaces^[98]; (b) The experimental setup for the observation of the holographic images^[98]; (c) Simulated and experimental results for the multichannel vectorial holography^[98]

Fig. 10. (a) Schematic image and SEM of matrix gratings for arbitrary parallel polarization analysis^[104]; (b) Schematic image of the measurement of the arbitrary state Stokes polarization state^[104]; (c) The polarization contrast of each order is shown^[104]

Fig. 11. (a) Schematic of setup for near-infrared full-Stokes detection^[106]; (b) CP filter with the Z-shaped pattern, which transmits RCP light (green) and blocks LCP light (blue)^[106]; (c) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image^[106]; (d) Schematic of the measurement setup for CP filter characterization^[106]; (e) Transmission spectra and corresponding circular dichroism (CD) of CP light (top) and transmission spectra and extinction ratio of TM and TE polarized light (down)^[106]

Fig. 12. (a) Schematic of CMOS integrated full Stokes polarimetric imager with dual operation wavelength^[111]; (b) A schematic of the customized experimental setup for generating arbitrary polarization states for full Stokes polarization detection^[111]; (c) Measured transmission and LPER of fabricated vertically coupled double-layered gratings (VCDG) (left) and measured transmission and CPER of the chiral metasurface at 530~700 nm and 480~530 nm, respectively (right)^[111]; (d) The angle of polarization (AOP), the degree of linear polarization (DOLP), and the degree of circular polarization (DOCP) detection error distributions of all metasurface polarization filter array pixels for the specific polarization state at normal incidence and oblique incidence of red color (left) and green color (right)^[111]; (e) Image of full Stokes polarimetric CMOS imaging sensor^[111]

Fig. 13. Fabrication technologies for metasurfaces. (a) Schematic of EBL^[120]; (b) Schematic of FIB^[120]; (c) Schematic of LDW; (d) Schematic of LDW processing system^[121]; (e) Schematic of NIL