Alkali-free aluminosilicate glass with SiO2-Al2O3-CaO-ZnO were prepared by high-temperature melting method, and the effects of ZnO/CaO (molar ratio) on the structure, density, elastic modulus and chemical durability of the glass were investigated. The results showed that as ZnO/CaO increased from 0 to 1.07, the density of the glass increased from 2.53 g/cm3 to 2.58 g/cm3. When ZnO/CaO was 0.53, the Vickers hardness of the glass reached the maximum value of 705HV and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) had a minimum value of 3.31×10-6/℃. When ZnO/CaO was 0, the maximum elastic modulus was 82 GPa and the characteristic point temperature had maximum value: the strain point (Tst) was 778 ℃, the glass transition temperature (Tg) was 792 ℃, and the softening point temperature (Td) was 855 ℃, respectively. After hydrofluoric acid (HF) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) corrosion, the weight loss ratio of the glass reached the maximum when ZnO/CaO was 0.53, with the weight loss ratios being 5.05 mg/cm2 and 0.9 mg/cm2, respectively. All the above property changes exhibited the mixed modifier effect, i.e., due to the difference in radius and field strength magnitude of Zn2+ and other ions, ion stacking or site mismatch effects were generated on the glass network structure, resulting in nonlinear changes in glass properties, with positive deviations in density, Vickers hardness, and chemical durability, and negative deviations in modulus of elasticity.

The high-temperature resistance and wettability of three nitride substrates (AlN, BN, and Si3N4) were systematically compared with graphite substrate. Experimental results showed that BN substrates exhibited comparable non-wetting behavior to graphite under nitrogen protection in a 1 200 ℃ air atmosphere., with a contact angle of 148.0°, which was higher than that of graphite (135.9°). Surface tension measurements revealed that the surface tension values of E-glass melt measured using BN substrates in air atmosphere ranged from 321.4 to 322.4 mN/m, which were 4.3～4.4 mN/m lower than those obtained with graphite substrates under nitrogen atmosphere. Therefore, BN substrates can replace graphite materials for surface tension testing of glass melts under non-protective atmospheric conditions, providing a novel solution for high-temperature glass melt property characterization.

Glass-lined chemical equipment has both metallic strength and glass-like corrosion resistance, serving as key equipment in the pharmaceutical and chemical industry. However, enamel has poor fracture toughness and is prone to porcelain explosion, which seriously shortens the service life of enamel equipment. This study investigated the effect of lithium oxide on the acid resistance and mechanical impact resistance of glass-lined by changing the mass percentage of lithium oxide in the glaze. Under the same firing conditions and a certain chemical composition range, the results demonstrated that the acid resistance was optimal when the mass fraction of lithium oxide was 0.3%, and the impact resistance of enamel glass was better when the mass fraction of lithium oxide was 0.2% to 0.4%. These findings had great significance for optimizing the design scheme of enamel equipment and extending the service life of glass-lined equipment.

By changing the mass percentage of lithium chloride (LiCl), the preparation temperature and the holding time, the temperature-viscosity-resistivity characteristics of glycerol-LiCl system as the simulated liquid for glass electric melting were studied. Studies had shown that the mass percentage of LiCl was the main means to adjust the temperature-viscosity characteristics and temperature-resistivity characteristics of the simulated solution, and it had a significant impact on the characteristic curves. When the preparation temperature was increased from 150 ℃ to 180 ℃, the temperature-viscosity and temperature-resistivity of the simulated liquid showed an overall upward trend. In contrast, the holding time has a little effect on the viscosity and resistivity, which can be used as an auxiliary method for fine-tuning the temperature-viscosity-resistivity. The series of temperature-viscosity and temperature-resistivity characteristic data obtained from this study could provide a reference for the selection and optimization of simulation liquid for similar research.

Fly ash vitrification technology is an effective method for handling by-products from waste incineration. However, traditional refractory materials such as electric fused zirconia-corundum refractory bricks (AZS) are susceptible to erosion by calcium oxide (CaO) and chloride ions in fly ash under high-temperature conditions, which affected the service life and efficiency of melting furnaces. This study investigated the application and advantages of electric fused cast Z80 bricks (with a mass fraction of ZrO2 of approximately 80%) in fly ash vitrification electric melting furnaces. Experimental results showed that Z80 bricks exhibited excellent erosion resistance, thermal shock stability, and low bubble precipitation rates. After continuous operation at 1 360~1 400 ℃ for three months, the average erosion rate of Z80 bricks was only 0.6 mm/month, significantly lower than the 1.6 mm/month observed for AZS41# bricks. Furthermore, composite refractory structures combining Z80 and AZS bricks as refractory materials enhance overall material performance and cost-effectiveness. These finding provided a scientific basis for optimizing furnace design and promoted the wider adoption of fly ash vitrification technology.

This study systematically summarized the state characteristics of the batch layer in glass full-electric furnaces with a daily production capacity of 3-60 tons. It deeply analyzed the influencing mechanisms of key factors such as batch composition, melting rate per unit area, electrode insertion method, and position on the height of the batch layer. Through longitudinal comparative analysis, it was found that there is no direct correlation between the height of the batch layer and the furnace output. The conclusions of this study provided an important theoretical basis for determining the height of the batch layer in the design of full-electric melting furnaces with a daily production capacity of 100 tons and above.

This study addressed the cracking problems of high borosilicate glass lamp covers observed during whole-machine aging tests by implementing a comprehensive optimization strategy. Key improvements were achieved through three approaches: production process refinement, chemical composition adjustment, and structural design innovation. The production process was enhanced by upgrading melting furnaces, optimizing melting procedures, introducing automated compression molding equipment, modifying annealing curves, and implementing robust packaging solutions. Chemical modifications focused on adjusting the glass formula to reduce its thermal expansion coefficient and improve thermal stability. Structurally, stress concentration issues were mitigated through optimized head geometry, increased fillet transitions, and redistributed mechanical stress. Post-optimization results demonstrated a stabilized production qualification rate exceeding 75%, with the redesigned lamp covers successfully passing stringent performance evaluations, including thermal shock resistance tests (T ≥ 105 ℃) and 3 000 h aging assessments. This systematic approach provided valuable insights for enhancing the reliability of high borosilicate glass products, offering actionable methodologies for advancing manufacturing techniques in specialty glass applications. The findings contributed to both academic understanding and industrial practices in addressing stress-related failure mechanisms in high-performance glass components..

The factors influencing the bending strength of bifacial photovoltaic modules glass were systematically analyzed. The four-point bending test was employed to measure the bending strength of the glass. The results demonstrated that adjusting specific ingredient ratios, increasing product thickness, enlarging product size, improving edge quality, and reducing microcracks could enhance bending strength. However, the effects of stress distribution and processing techniques on bending strength were complex and should be set reasonably based on actual application situations. Additionally, attention should also be paid to side effects while improving bending strength. Currently, measurements deviations in the industry were approximately 5%, thus, establishing a comprehensive maintenance and management system for measurement systems was crucial. The study summarized and concluded a rating table for factors affecting bending strength, assigning scores to each factor according to a certain weight. The findings provided theoretical and practical guidance for standardizing and sustainably improving bending strength in photovoltaic glass applications.