To investigate the atomic-scale structural origin of the Vickers hardness (HV) and glass transition temperature (Tg) of peraluminous aluminosilicate glasses with alkaline earth ions, we prepared a series of xRO·(49-x)Al2O3·51SiO2 (x=0.0-16.0, in mole fraction; R=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) alkaline earth aluminosilicate glassy samples. HV and Tg were characterized by Vickers micro-hardness test and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that HV increases, while Tg decreases with the increase of R2+ field strength at a fixed RO content. At a certain type of RO, HV and Tg decrease simultaneously with the gradual substitution of Al2O3 by RO. 49Al2O3·51SiO2 glass has the maximum HV (i.e., 8.26 GPa) and Tg (i.e., 941 ℃). According to the structural analysis, the interactions between the competition and synergism among the packing density, average bond energy, bond energy density of glass network skeleton ions and the interstitial ions as a charge balancer are a main atomic-scale structural origin, thus leading to the reverse evolution of HV and Tg with the increase of field strength of substituted R2+ and the similar change with the substitution of RO for Al2O3 in peraluminous aluminosilicate glasses.

The influence of Al/(Al+Si) molar ratio on the short-/mid-range structure and elastic modulus of alkali aluminosilicate glass was investigated via molecular dynamics simulation. The results show that the non-bridging oxygen in the glass network transforms to bridging oxygen and triple-bonded oxygen as the ratio of Al/(Al+Si) increases. When the ratio of Al/(Al+Si)>0.3, the non-bridging oxygen mainly changes to triple bond oxygen. The structural units transform to a high degree of polymerization, the connectivity of the glass network increases, and the elastic modulus of the glass increases as the ratio of Al/(Al+Si) increases. The elastic modulus of glass increases with the increase of Al/(Al+Si) molar ratio. The data calculated by the simulation are consistent with the experimental results, thus verifying a feasibility of using the molecular dynamics simulation to improve the glass composition.

Utilizing a laser-heated aerodynamic levitation melting technique, we prepared a series of aluminosilicate glasses (xAl2O3·(100-x)SiO2, 30≤x≤63, in molar fraction). The Vickers hardness (HV) and crack resistance (CR) of the glasses were investigated by a micro-hardness Vicker tester. The results show that the hardness of those glasses increases gradually with the increase of Al2O3 content, and the maximum hardness is 8.94 GPa as x=63. However, the crack resistance of the glasses is nonlinear with the change of composition, and the maximum crack resistance is 19.49 N as x=63. According to the results of structural analysis, the increase of atomic packing density and mean-field bond energy density can be attributed to the hardness enhancement. The reduction of the phase interface can lead to the reduction of the crack resistance, while the increase of Al2O3 content in the glass can result in an increase in the crack resistance. The synergy and competition between the phase interface reduction and Al2O3 content increase can result in a nonlinear change of crack resistance. The crack resistance does not change significantly due to the similar structures of the glasses within the mullite phase region.

Ultra-broadband near-infrared (NIR) luminescence of bismuth ions in glass is widely used, but the stability problem of Bi NIR centers limits its practical application. Therefore, in this work, the original local excess charge model that can effectively regulate the Bi NIR luminescence behavior was expanded and supplemented in bismuth doped yttrium aluminum-silicate glass. The statistical excess charge field around Bi was built up via either introduction of glass modifier (Y3+) or substitution of silicon by different glass former ions with a valence state lower than +4 (Al3+) in yttrium aluminumsilicate glass. As a result, the behavior of Bi NIR centers (i.e., the valence states of Bi, the intensities and peak positions of absorption and NIR emission) was determined. Also, the distribution characteristics of Bi NIR centers were proposed. Bi0 NIR centers are preferentially located in the multimember rings of silicon, while Bi+ NIR centers are situated at the interstices of silicon network. This work could solve a problem to stabilize Bi NIR centers in yttrium aluminumsilicate glass, even other alkali metals and alkali metals (Li/Na/K, Mg/Ca/Sr/Ba, etc.) aluminumsilicate glass, thus establishing the experimental and theoretical supports for the design of Bi-doped laser glasses and fabrication of fibers in future. This work also verified the effectiveness and universality of the local excess charge model, providing a strategy for stabilizing the valance state of other multivalent luminescent ions (i.e. Eu, Ce, Cu, Ag, Sn) and their distribution in glass network structure.

A series of xBi2O3-AlPO4-SiO2 glasses (0≤x≤0.15) were prepared by a sol-gel process. The local structures of glasses were investigated by magic angle spinning nuclei magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Based on the 27Al MAS NMR spectra. The results show that trere is Bi-O-Bi connectivity in all these glasses. In addition, the prepared glass is composed of AlPO4- and SiO2-nanodomains according to the results of 27Al{31P} REDOR, 31P{27Al} REAPDOR, 31P CT-DRENAR-BABA-xy16, and 29Si MAS NMR. The addition of Bi2O3 promotes the increase of AlPO4 clusters, forming the final phase, and Bi2O3 exists both in SiO2 and AlPO4 nanodomains.

Phosphor in glass (PiG) is widely used as a fluorescent conversion material for light emitting diode (LED) device packaging. However, for the PiG with a single refractive index (SRIN) structure, the optical loss is large when light transmits from air through PiG to the packaging material due to large refractive index difference between the interfaces. In addition, the sintering temperature of PiG is high, thus reducing the light conversion efficiency of phosphor. To address the problems above, lead-free B2O3-ZnO-SiO2 matrix glass with gradient refractive index structure matching with yellow phosphor was prepared. Also, B2O3-ZnO-SiO2 system fluorescent glass (phosphor in matrix glass with gradient refractive index structure) was prepared via multi-layer screen printing and low-temperature sintering process. The glass was used in LED packaging to improve the optical performance of LED devices.

Chemical etching was used to etch the surface of soda lime silicate glass with TEOS as a precursor to prepare nano-silica particles and CTAB to control the degree of agglomeration, and then the chemically etched glass surface was sprayed with nano-silica particles with different agglomeration degrees to construct a multi-level micro-/nano-structure, which was further modified with PFTS to obtain a superhydrophobic glass surface. The micro-morphology and wettability of the coating were characterized by scanning element microscopy and contact angle measurement. The results show that the prepared glass surface has the superhydrophobic properties, and the water contact angle of 156.13°±2° can still maintain after 50 cycles of rubbing with 600 grit sandpaper. The superhydrophobicity of the glass surface is attributed to a combined effect of the presence of low surface energy substance PFTS and the surface spherical structure, and its better wear resistance is since the rigid micron-scale rough structure of the glass surface and the structure formed by the sprayed nano-scale silica particles on the glass surface are interlaced, thus forming a more wear-resistant micro-/nano-structure.

High silica glass fiber is widely used and has the superior properties. Acid leaching is the main existing method to prepare high silica special glass fiber. In this paper, high silica glass fiber was prepared via acid leaching and heat treatment. The structure of SiO2-Na2O binary glass fiber during acid leaching and heat treatment was investigated by Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the bending vibration peak and asymmetric stretching vibration peak shift to a lower wavenumber, and the peak intensity becomes weaker during acid leaching process, mainly because SiO2 content in the fiber increases and the internal structure of the fiber changes to a chain structure. After heat treatment, the asymmetric stretching vibration peaks disappear, and the defect lines D1 and D2 appear, and the density of fibers changes at different heat treatment temperatures, mainly due to the condensation reaction of fiber during heat treatment.

Chalcogenide glasses can be melted in a completely oxygen-free environment, but the effect of trace amount of oxygen on the specific properties of chalcogenide glasses is still a challenge. To investigate the effect of trace-oxide components of Se-H impurities in As-Se glass system, SeO2 and Ge were introduced for H and O impurities in the multi-processes of dynamic-vacuum distillation. The results indicate that the co-doping of SeO2 (i.e., 2×10-3) can lead to the decrease of Se-H content in As2Se3 bulk glasses, although As-O and Se-O impurities increase. When the content of SeO2 increases to 10-2, the absorbing intensities of As-O and Se-O impurities increase. For the preparation of Ge-As-Se glass with low Se-H impurities, the more content of SeO2 is needed. The introduction of Ge can weaken the efficiency of SeO2 for eliminating Se-H impurities. If the Se-H impurities decrease to beyond a detecting limit of the FTIR in Ge-As-Se glasses, the more content of SeO2 is needed for the compensation. This work provides a method for further clarifying the sources of impurities in chalcogenide glasses and the preparation of low-hydroxy chalcogenide glass fibers.

As-S sulfide glasses with a high optical quality were prepared via purification of high-purity elemental raw materials and chemical distillation of the glass melt. Based on the glasses, a multimode step-index optical fiber was drawn by a rod-in-tube technique. The transmission loss of the fiber was measured, its performance of transmitting high-power mid-infrared laser was characterized, and the laser damage mechanism was analyzed. The results show that the fabricated fiber with a core diameter of ~200 μm and a numerical aperture of ~0.35 has transmission losses of ~0.25 dB/m and ~0.35 dB/m at 2 μm and 4.6 μm, respectively. Under effective cooling condition, the fiber can withstand ~120 W incident power of 2 μm continuous wave laser, and deliver transmitted power of ~63 W. According to the theoretical analysis, the damage of the fiber at a high laser power is related to the distribution of nano-sized heterophase inclusions (NHPI) in the core glass. The heat accumulation could occur in the region at a high concentration of NHPI, resulting in the thermal damage of the fiber.

The diameter distribution of high-strength glass fiber (HS2) strands and rovings was analyzed, and the influences of the average fiber diameter and the diameter distribution on the mechanical properties of HS2 glass fibers were evaluated. The results show that the tensile strength of fiber bundles and impregnated rovings decreases with the increase of the diameter when the diameter is >11μm. The tensile strength of unidirection orientated fiber reinforced plastic plates with the fiber diameters of 11-13 μm is not affected by the diameter, and the shear strength decreases with the increase of the diameter. The wide distribution and high variation coefficient (Cv) have an adverse effect on the mechanical properties of the fiber. When the average fiber diameter is 11μm, the roving tensile strength of the diameter with Cv 0.20 is 8% lower than that with Cv 0.15. The diameter distribution can reveal the forming tooling and process, and the process needs to be strictly controlled to refine the highly uniform fibers.

Dual-phases glass ceramics (GCs) containing LiYF4: Ln3+(Ln=Eu, Tb, Dy) and ZnAl2O4: Cr3+ nanocrystals (NCs) were fabricated by a conventional melt-quenching method. The structural and spectrographic characterizations indicate that Ln3+ can be doped into LiYF4 lattice and Cr3+ can be introduced into ZnAl2O4 lattice, respectively. In this regard, the luminescent centers are physically separated through a spatial isolation strategy, getting rid of adverse energy transfer processes. The dual-modal luminescence of Ln3+ and Cr3+ can be thus attained simultaneously. Also, optical thermometry based on the fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) of Ln3+/Cr3+ is performed. Under irradiation upon 377 nm, the FIR value for Tb3+: 5D4→7F5 and Cr3+: 2E→4A2 transitions varies acutely, with a maximal relative sensitivity of 0.80%·K-1 at 570 K. The FIR-based optical thermometry for Dy3+: 4F9/2→6H13/2 and Cr3+: 2E→4A2 transitions is carried out, with a maximal relative sensitivity of 0.86%·K-1 at 573 K. As a consequence, the dual-phases GCs can be an ideal medium for the spatial isolation of luminescent centers, suppressing an adverse energy transfer process and realizing an efficient dual-mode luminescence. This is beneficial to the application of FIR-based optical thermometry for GC materials.

CsPbI3 quantum dots doped borosilicate glasses were prepared by a high-temperature melting-heat treatment technology with Cs2O, PbI2 and NaI as precursors. According to the results by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, CsPbI3 quantum dots are precipitated in the glass substrate. The emission peak and absorption edge appear a red shift, the photoluminescence intensity and quantum yield firstly increase and then decrease, and the photoluminescence decay lifetime of quantum dots gradually increases with increasing the heat-treatment temperature or B2O3 concentration. Also, the two-dimensional (2D) network structure in the glass increases, and the mobility of Cs+, Pb2+ and I- ions increases with the increase of B2O3 concentration, which is beneficial for the precipitation of CsPbI3 quantum dots and the passivation of surface defect. The tunable red light emission of CsPbI3 quantum dots doped borosilicate glass could have potential applications in the visible band lasers and white light-emitting diodes (LED).

ZnS:Mn nanocrystals embedded glass has attracted much attention due to the excellent luminescence performance in reddish orange range, high stability and non-toxicity. However, high temperature and long annealing time needed in a conventional melt-quenching method readily cause the volatilization, invalidation and agglomeration of nanocrystals, greatly reducing the luminescence performance. In this paper, ZnS:Mn nanocrystals embedded glass was prepared via spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 980℃ for 10 min, and the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron spin resonance, photoluminescence and fluorescence lifetime analysis. The results show that rapidly sintering at a low temperature is beneficial to avoiding the oxidation of Mn2+ and driving Mn2+ into the ZnS lattice to realize the effective doping. Also, the generation of defect-related luminescence is suppressed by regulating the composition of ZnS nanocrystals, thereby further enhancing the Mn2+ transition luminescence. The ion-doped nanocrystals embedded glass prepared by SPS with the superior performance can be used as a promising solid light convertor in high-power LED devices.

Yb3+-doped silica fiber is a key component of high power fiber laser and its core material is Yb3+-doped silica glass. The performance of Yb3+-doped silica fiber is closely related to the properties of core material. This paper reviews our research progress on Yb3+-doped silica glass co-doped with Al, P, F, B and Ce fabricated by a sol-gel method and subsequent high-temperature sintering and effect of co-doping elements on the optical, spectroscopic and structural properties of Yb3+-doped silica glass, to provide a reference for optimizing the laser performance of Yb3+-doped silica fiber. More researches should focus on the relationship between properties of optical fiber and structure of Yb3+-doped silica glass in the future.

Phosphate glasses are widely used in various applications like sealing materials, optical components, biomedical glass, solid electrolytes, and nuclear waste disposal due to their unique crystallization behavior, chemical durability, as well as the optical, mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. This review summarized recent research progress on the structure features, the physical and chemical properties as well as the relationship between the structure and properties of these particular systems based on the experimental observations and computational simulation results. The results from the experiment and simulation were compared. In addition, the future possibilities for the development and application of phosphate glasses were also given.

Femtosecond laser is usually utilized to realize the space-selective modification in transparent medium for the induced nonlinear absorption of multi-photon due to its ultrashort pulse duration, high peak density and limited focus area. This review represented the mechanism of femtosecond laser-induced precipitation and controllable crystallization. In addition, recent work on the controllable crystallization of second-order nonlinear optical crystals (i.e., LaBGeO5, LiNbO3 and Ba2TiSi2O4) in oxide glass by femtosecond laser technology and its application in the field of frequency-doubling optical waveguides was also described.

Recent development on optical quantum technology requires a technology of creating advanced functional structures inside all-inorganic transparent media. Utilizing the ultrafast laser-matter interaction to selectively modify the glass matrix and quickly produce micro-crystalline structures with different functions undoubtedly provides an important approach for manufacturing novel photonic elements. This review introduced the basic principles of ultrafast laser inducing selective crystallization (ULISC), and discussed the corresponding laser parameters and material characteristics required by the technology. The performances of the ULISC and some conventional methods were compared. The phenomena, mechanisms, and applications of ultrafast laser inducing crystallite structures in different types of glasses were analyzed, i.e., the latest achievements in cutting-edge fields like ultrafast laser-induced nonlinear crystals, crystalline nanogratings, and quantum dots. In addition, the prospect of the ULISC technology was also given.

Glasses doped with quantum dots (QDs) are intensively investigated in recent years due to the tunable absorption and photoluminescence in a wide wavelength range induced by the quantum confinement effects. Since lead chalcogenide semiconductors have narrow energy bandgaps and large Borh radius, the QDs made of lead chalcogenide compounds have widespread technological applications in optoelectronics. The QD-doped glasses with good chemical and thermal stability offer a possibility to make the all-solid and compact devices. To achieve the desirable optical properties, recent efforts are devoted to tune the bandgap of QDs and improve the quantum efficiency. This review summarized recent research progress on the tuning methods of optical properties of PbS and PbSe QDs in glasses. In addition, the problems and future research directions of IV-VI QDs-doped glasses for applications were also emphasized.

Nano-porous glass is a multifunctional microstructure material, which is widely used in the fields of purification and filtration, biochemistry and ion selection. Also, the optical materials prepared with porous glass have some superior advantages in optics. Recent research work on nano-porous glass in the visible and near-infrared bands was reviewed. The luminescent properties of various rare-earth element ions and metal ions in porous glass were introduced, and the advantages of porous glass in preparing luminescent glass-ceramics and encapsulating carbon dots and quantum dots were demonstrated. A method of fabricating optical fibers using porous glass was described, which could be expected to break through the technical difficulties of various active optical fiber fabrication technologies. In addition, some prospects for the future development of nano-porous glass were also given.

With the development of bioactive glasses in tissue regeneration, the preparation methods of bioactive glasses have a great progress. To develop bioactive glasses with multi-functions for different clinical applications, this review represented the development process from conventional bioactive glasses to novel bioactive glasses, and the preparation of novel bioactive glasses and composite materials. In addition, the development direction of bioactive glasses was also discussed.

Borosilicate bioactive glass promises broad application prospects in biomedical field because of the controllable degradation, hydroxyapatite convertibility in situ, biocompatibility, bond-ability with hard and soft tissues, strong tissue repair and regeneration capability. This review briefly represented recent development and application of borosilicate bioactive glass and its derived materials, and some research work on the multifunctional modification of borosilicate bioactive glass via functional element doping, organic-inorganic hybrid composition, and construction of micro/nano-structure. The latest achievements in tissue repair, tumor therapy, drug delivery and other fields were summarized. In addition, the prospects and challenges of borosilicate bioactive glass were also discussed.

The mid-infrared band has a wide range of applications in the fields of gas detection, aerospace, countermeasures, medical surgery, etc.. As a result, a large number of mid-infrared materials are investigated. Compared with other mid-infrared materials, fluoride glass fibers have attracted much attention due to its ability of flexible multidirectional transmission, low phonon energy and excellent mid-infrared spectral performance. As a consequence, we introduced the research status and problems of different fluoride glass fibers such as fluorozirconate glass fiber, fluoindinate glass fiber and fluoroaluminate glass fiber. We represented the inside structure, physical and chemical properties, and spectral properties between various glass components. We highlighted the fiber lasers in different wavelengths and supercontinuum laser scources covering different wavelength bands based on various rare-earth ions doping fluoride glass fiber. In addition, we also prospected the future research direction and preparation process of fluoride glass fiber.

Mid-infrared light sources have some important applications in military and national economy, such as national defense safety, food safety, spectral analysis and so on. Recent research work on rare-earth element ions doped chalcogenide glasses and optical fibers mainly focuses on improving the solubility of rare-earth element ions, reducing the local phonon energy of rare-earth element ions and co-doping of sensitized ions. The mid-infrared fluorescence of rare-earth element ions such as Dy3+, Pr3+, Dy3+, Tb3+, and Sm3+ can be obtained in glass and optical fiber. This broadband mid-infrared fluorescence is applied in the sensing field to realize the sensing of gases such as CO2 and CH4. This review represented recent research progress on rare-earth element ions doped mid-infrared chalcogenide glasses and optical fibers. Various factors affecting the mid-infrared luminescence of chalcogenide glass fibers were discussed, i.e., the solubility of rare-earth element ions, phonon energy around rare-earth element ions, energy transfer between sensitized ions and impurity loss. The research progress of broadband mid-infrared fluorescence in the field of gas sensing was summarized. There are five deficiencies in the research of rare-earth element ions doped sulfur fiber gas sensor. Obtaining the mid-infrared laser in rare-earth element ions doped glass fiber is still a challenge. In addition to seeking the solutions from the perspective of active fiber preparation (i.e., matrix selection, rare-earth ions co-doping, local structure regulation, preform glass purification, etc.), some aspects of optical fiber grating writing technology, pump laser power and wavelength tuning were also concerned. Rare-earth element ions doped mid-infrared chalcogenide fiber as a promising optical material has a great application potential due to its advantages of compactness, compactness and economy.

The rapid development of global information and network leads to an explosive growth of information capacity. The soaring information capacity urgently requires to construct the optical communication system with a ultrahigh capacity, which efficiently utilizes a low loss window of all wave silica fiber. This demands developing novel broadband amplification materials. The broadband near-infrared luminescence of glass and fiber has thus attracted recent attentions. In this review, we introduced recent development on the broadband near-infrared luminescence of glass and fiber, including rare-earth element ions, transition metal, main group element and quantum dots-doped glass and fiber. In addition, we also analyzed the current problems of broadband near-infrared luminescence of glass and fiber, and prospected the anticipated trend and application requirements.

Fiber sensors based on the principle of evanescent waves are widely used in liquid, gas, and biochemical sensors due to their high sensitivity, fast response speed and low cost. Meanwhile, mid-infrared optical fibers based on tellurite glass, fluoride glass, chalcogenide glass and halide crystal have attracted much recent attention in the sensing field because of their wide infrared transmission range. This paper reviewed the principle of mid-infrared fiber optic evanescent wave sensing, introduced the characteristics of various mid-infrared fiber matrix materials, fiber structure and parametric properties, provided a detailed review of its sensing progress in the mid-infrared of gases, liquids, and biochemistry. In addition, the development tendency of mid-infrared optical fiber evanescent wave sensors was also prospected.

CsPbX3 (X=Cl, Br, I) perovskite quantum dots embedded glass-ceramics (GCs) are a composite material with the steady physical and chemical properties of glass matrix phase and the superior optical performance of CsPbX3 quantum dot phase. These materials are used in optical data storage, random laser, X-ray image, lighting and display, solar cells, photocatalysis, etc.. Recent advances on the preparation and the corresponding performance/application were introduced, i.e., the use of fs laser to form CsPbX3 in selected zone to serve as optical data storage, thereby showing the regular pattern of these materials’ composition-structure- performance relationship. Nevertheless, these are some challenges of investigating for these materials, i.e., the in-situ formation of CsPbX3 in glass matrix is entirely unclear. And the studies on CsPbX3 precursors’ occurrence state, neighbor structure and morphological distribution could further help to understand the formation mechanism of CsPbX3 in glass, providing a guide to obtain the better CsPbX3 perovskite quantum dots embedded GCs.

Scintillators as the core materials of radiation detection play an important role in industrial nondestructive testing, medical imaging, high energy physics and safety inspection, etc.. The existing scintillator research faces both opportunities and challenges, especially in the context of COVID-19 pandemic period. It is of great practical significance to develop cost-effective scintillators and optimize their overall performance. The nano-glass composites (i.e., glass ceramics) have some advantages like high emission efficiency of scintillator crystals, simple preparation and low cost as an effective star scintillator. Based on the different luminescence centers, such scintillators can be broadly divided into rare-earth element ions doped or rare-earth-free luminescent nanocrystals embedded materials. This review represented recent development on the preparation of these materials, the relationship between the types of nanocrystals and their luminescence properties, and the potential applications of these materials in high-energy X-ray and gamma-ray detection. In addition, the existing problems in the research were discussed and the future development direction of nano-glass composite scintillators was also prospected.

It is important to carry out accurate and reliable temperature measurements for daily life, industrial production and scientific work. The non-contact temperature sensing technology has attracted extensive attention, and recent work on the optical temperature sensing of rare-earth ions doped upconversion luminescent materials becomes popular. This review represented the optical temperature measurement mechanism of the upconversion materials, the latest research work of rare-earth element ions doped upconversion phosphors and upconversion glass ceramics in the field of optical temperature sensing and other functional applications based on optical temperature sensing. In addition, the future development trend was also prospected based on the research achievements and existing problems of rare earth upconversion luminescent materials in the field of optical temperature sensing.

Glass optical fibers doped with nanocrystals with optoelectronic function are highly anticipated for potential applications in optical communication, remote sensing, biomedicine, and nonlinear optics. In this review, a versatile fiber-drawing approach so called “melt-in-tube” (MIT) was represented to produce nanocrystals doped glass optical fibers. In the fiber-drawing process, the core is fully melted and the cladding is only just softened. Recent advances on the nanocrystals doped glass fibers including glass core-glass cladding fiber, crystal core-glass cladding fiber, and semiconductor core-glass cladding fiber were reported. In addition, the extensive applications of the nanocrystals doped glass fibers in the fields of fiber laser, fiber sensing, frequency conversion, photodetection and thermoelectric conversion were also discussed.

The glass material of low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) has an important influence on the performance of the substrate. In this paper, the properties of the co-fired glass materials used in LTCC were introduced, the influences of component and preparation process on the material properties were summarized, and the existing mature systems were analyzed. The superior dielectric properties of CaO-B2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramic system are due to the presence of the massive crystal phases. However, the components and preparation process fluctuations have a great influence on the properties due to its sensitive sintering and crystallization behavior. The structure of PbO-B2O3-SiO2 glass/ceramic composite system is compact and the glass phase is not easy to crystallize. The material has a table properties and superior mechanical properties. However, its application in a high frequency field is restricted because of the massive leaded glass phases. The crystalline glass and ceramic filler composite can be used in La2O3-B2O3 glass/ceramic composite system for the performance and stability requirements. The sintering mechanism and performance adjustment laws of LTCC materials still need to be further investigated to support the expansion of existing systems and the development of new systems.

Niobium oxide is widely used in glass field due to its excellent physical and chemical properties. This review summarized the fundamental research results of the application of niobium in glass and glass ceramics. The structure function of niobium oxide in glass is complex, and it mainly acts as glass network intermediate. The addition of niobium oxide into different glass systems have different effects on the network structure, thus affecting the properties of glass. The research work on niobium containing glass and glass ceramics mainly focuses on the optical and electrical properties. Niobium oxide can be used as an important oxide to replace lead oxide in lead-free glasses. Based on the research and application of niobium in glass field, the future development directions were discussed. The structure and dielectric properties of niobate glass ceramics can be improved by adding rare-earth element ions into niobate glass ceramics to adjust the crystal type.