Phosphate glasses are widely used in various applications like sealing materials, optical components, biomedical glass, solid electrolytes, and nuclear waste disposal due to their unique crystallization behavior, chemical durability, as well as the optical, mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. This review summarized recent research progress on the structure features, the physical and chemical properties as well as the relationship between the structure and properties of these particular systems based on the experimental observations and computational simulation results. The results from the experiment and simulation were compared. In addition, the future possibilities for the development and application of phosphate glasses were also given.