As the phase of X-ray pulsar signal is hard to obtain accurately because of low signal noise ratio, a method of estimation based on Wavelet-Fisz transformation for X-ray pulsar signal was proposed. The signal of X-ray pulsars were folded by an enormous number of photon events. The signal model of X-ray pulsar was constructed. The Wavelet-Fisz transformation was derived. The signal of X-ray pulsars were preprocessed to Gaussian distribution by Wavelet-Fisz transformation, then the approximated signal was estimated. Several observation data of RXTE were analyzed, the results show the proposed method has a good performance of estimation, with low overhead of time under Wavelet-Fisz transformation, and is suitable for engineering application of X-ray pulsar navigation.

Considering the interference of highlight on the radiation characteristics of the target surface and on the signal response characteristic of Low-Light-Level(LLL) TV,a feature quantitative model of LLL TV imaging under highlight disturbance was built based on the mechanism of highlight interference LLL TV imaging and the end-to-end imaging modeling idea.On the basis of the model,the simulation of the output image of LLL TV imaging system after highlight disturbed was performed by real-time calculating the imaging gray of ground objects on the three dimensional scene simulation platform.Contrasting the imaging gray of the target and its background and the imaging contrast of the target in the experimental results with that in the simulation results,the verification of the reliability of the simulation model was performed.The verification results show that the proposed model was greatly consistent with the experimental results and had high reliability.Finally,the influence of different interfering factors on the target imaging contrast was discussed,which showed that the role of highlight to the radiation characteristic of the target surface was the main factor that affecting the system imaging quality when the highlight was outside the field of view of the system,while the role of highlight to the system gain was the main factor when the highlight was in the field of view of the system.

Both direct addition of neutron-absorbing atoms into Microchannel Plate (MCP) glass and elimination of content contained natural radioactive isotope can make MCP sensitive to neutrons without changing the remainder of the fabrication process,while such a neutron-sensitive detector has very low background rate. The 50 mm format and 10 μm pore size MCP which fabricated by a MCP glass doped with 3 mol% Gd2O3 and eliminate K2O and Rb2O contnent demonstrated its capability to image thermal neutrons with 33% detection efficiency and low dark count rate of 0.11 events cm-2·s-1. Through calculation and analysis of the capture probability of neutron within a MCP matrix and the effective signal which arised from 155,157Gd(n, γ)156,158Gd reaction production,our study indicated that the maximum detection efficiency of 50% can be achieved for this MCP doped with 3 mol% Gd2O3 and optimized geometry. In addition,a 106 mm-diameter and 10 μm pore size neutron sensitive MCP doped with 3 mol% Gd2O3 and optimized geometry were fabricated based on above-mentioned method.

A method of calibration based on accurate Infrared standard stars was proposed for increasing infrared radiation measurement precision.By measuring a series of Infrared calibration stars at different air masses,the infrared radiation responsivity of measurement system and atmospheric extinction can be obtained simultaneously.The data were reduced with astronomical aperture photometry and least-squares fitting according to more thorough atmospheric extinction models.Validation experiments on the 1.2 m telescope′s infrared imaging terminal for the proposed method indicated that the maximum error of stellar irradiance inversion was 16.28%.Without additional calibration device,the proposed calibration method is simple and easy to implement.Real-time calibration of the telescope could be realized at any time.The proposed calibration method has important application value for infrared radiometry of large aperture ground-based telescopes.

A modified moment acquisition method of projectile going through a trapezoidal screen in certain angle was put forward,for mid-screen trigger has not taken measuring error caused by the screen′s uneven thickness distribution into consideration in tradition.Firstly,the ratio of the position for the central plane and the distance for the projectile flight in the screen was calculated,then converted the ratio to the moment for the projectile trail arriving at the screen thickness′ central plane and the time for the projectile going through the whole screen.Furthermore,using the iterative algorithm extracts the moment of the projectile trail arriving at the central plane,thus the space-time parameters of the projectile was calculated at the same time.The method was verified by the real projectile tests,and the results show that it has the capability to reduce 1mm measuring error of the six-light-screen array sky screen in certain range.

In order to achieved the coaxial optical designed unit for UV spectral radiation detecting and visible observation telescope, UV / visible beam splitter and four pieces of the quartz retarder were used, and a lock-in amplifier was used in the electical system to advance the accuracy of measurement. To ensure the precision measurement deteced,the phase-sensitive detector function can be adjustable. So the maximum residual polarization of the incident light for wavelength from 200 nm to 380 nm can be down to 3%. The output value of instrument is not more than 10 mV before each measurement , so it can be ensured that the stability of the measured radiation spectrum is less than 1%.

Image quality evaluation is an important work to optical system design and manufacture. Generally, modulation transfer function and wavefront aberration are two common evaluation ways. For high resolution optical systems, the traditional one-dimensional modulation transfer function has some shortcomings when evaluating their image quality because it only provide one dimensional spatial frequency information. Based on the Fourier power spectrum density theory of random images, a method to measure the two-dimensional modulation transfer function of optical systems was proposed by setting random images as the target. An algorithm of using two-dimensional modulation transfer function to calculate the wavefront aberration directly was developed through simplifying the formula of optical transfer function. In this part, the Newton-Cotes integral formula was used. The experimental results show that the two-dimensional modulation transfer function is better than the one-dimensional modulation transfer function in revealing the true characteristics of imaging optical systems, and that the wavefront aberration calculated with the algorithm have the same contour with the theoretical wavefront aberration. It can be a potential way to measure wavefront aberration of optical systems.

In order to obtain the accurate surface error Root Mean Square (RMS) of the theodolite primary mirror, the research on the simulation method of sphere joints in the primary mirror supports was carried out.The detail finite element model of primary mirror supporting structures was established.A comparison was made among three simulation methods of sphere joints.They are the method of rigid connection, the method of restricting the freedom of nodes and the method of contact boundary condition.The surface error RMS of primary mirror tested by interferometer is 17.53 nm, while the simulated surface error RMS of the primary mirror is 16.37 nm.The deviation between simulated results and experimental results is 6.62%.The experimental results show that the method of contact boundary condition can obtain a more accurate surface error RMS of the primary mirror than the other two methods.The parameterized analysis was conducted on the structures of the primary supports by the method mentioned above.The influence of lateral supports′ location, lateral supports′ length and lateral supports′ width to the surface error of the primary mirror was obtained.It′s a good reference to the accurate analysis of the primary mirror surface error and the design of the primary mirror supports that simulating sphere joints using the method of contact boundary condition.

To reduce the influence of self-absorption of laser plasma emission spectra and improve the detection capability of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy to material component,a plane mirror device was used to constraint the laser plasma.The spectral line profile of Mn and Ni in steel samples under different experimental condition were studied and analyzed quantitatively.The experimental results demonstrate that the self-absorption of spectral line decreases obviously when a plane mirror device is used.Through quantitatively analyzing Mn and Ni,once inserting a plane mirror device,the value of relative standard deviation of Mn decreases from 3.70% to 1.86%,and that of Ni decreases from 6.23% to 2.16%,which indicates that the measurements precision is improved obviously.It is thus clear that the plane mirror device could reduce the adverse effect of self-absorption on analyzing results obviously.

The transmission spectrum and demodulation curve of the fiber ring resonator were simulated.As can be seen,the lowest value of transmission spectrum was corresponding to the modulation resonance point,the linear zone of demodulation curve was the dynamic range of gyroscope,the midpoint of the linear region was corresponds to the resonance point and it could be used as the maximum of scale factor.In order to achieve the high accuracy and steady frequency locked of the resonance point,resonant gyroscope angular velocity measurement scheme was designed,which used proportional integral circuit to lock the resonant frequency and sine wave to scan the piezoelectric transducer of narrow linewidth laser (linewidth is less than 1 kHz),so that the length of laser resonant cavity was changed to adapt the changes of the fiber ring resonator which real-time tracked and locked with the external environment.Through the method of linewidth,calculated quickly that the quality value of fiber ring resonator was 107.The real-time output of the fiber ring cavity in resonant and non-resonant points frequency locked were compared and analyzed,the continuous rotation in the two kinds condition was obtained by rotation test.The detection sensitivity of fiber optic gyro system in the theory was calculated finally.The results show that the output level of the gyro value in the resonant point is 3 times than the non-resonant point,which proves the importance of the resonator fiber optic gyroscope resonant frequency locking.

The time-domain properties of ultrashort pulse laser through transmitting volume Bragg grating was studied with Kogelnik’s coupled-wave theory.The dependence between group delay dispersion of transmitting volume Bragg grating and grating parameters was discussed.The influence of group delay dispersion and spectrum clipping on the intensity distribution of diffracted beam in time-domain was studied.The results show that the stretching of diffracted pulse is mainly from the spectrum clipping in the case of input pulse duration of 100 fs,and the strecthing is influenced by spectrum clipping and group delay dispersion at the input pulse duration of 10 fs.

Si nano-crystal films were prepared by pulsed laser ablation in extra direct current electric field that vertical to plume axis in Ar gas of 10 Pa at room temperature.Substrates were fixed on the arc bracket with the ablation spot as the circular center. The morphology and composition of films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy graphs, Raman scattering spectra and x-ray diffraction spectra. It drew that the average size of grains increasing with the addition of voltage, and the size of grains near negative board bigger than those near positive board. The area density of grains decrease at first and then increase and decrease finally, furthermore, the distribution character changed from negative board to positive board.

A fiber optic rotary joint loss analysis method based on virtual prototype was proposed. The input-output equations of light in dove prism are derived. A hybrid architecture based on ray tracing model and analytical model was employed in a homogeneous coordinate system;the angle and position deviations of collimating lens and dove prism were considered as input error in the model as well as bearing clearance and gear precision. 30 000 random samples, of which angle precision is ±100″ and position precision is ±0.01 mm, were studied. The result shows that angle error of dove prism and collimating lens must be ±1′ or less while the maximum loss is required less than 4dB, the distribution of loss P(X>3 dB) is required less than 0.5%.

Lens surface type and refractive index distribution of the crystalline lens model in eye optical model was researched. Based on the lens optical pproperties, the effect of different lens combined models on the human eye model to reproduce the measured eye aberrations was analyzed comparatively with Zemax interface technology. The lens combined models included different surface types and different gradient-index distributions by different continuous formulas. The lens model with the minuam reproduce precision was also presented. The results show that the aberrations of the eye model with complex lens suface is close to measured eye aberrations, the lens model with the minuam reproduce precision includs Zernike surface and gradient-index distribution by piecewise function formulas.

Based on polarized interference principle, an optical system of near infrared spectroscopy with single optical path was proposed.For the tungsten halogen source coupled with optical fiber, the collimated and convergent systems using 90° off-axial parabolic mirror were designed. He-ne laser as source for sampling control was introduced, and the beams are combined and split with near infrared by a cold mirror. Two perpendicular Glan-thompson prisms are introduced as polarizers, within the compensated crystal and scanning wedge are set as optical phase compensator of the polarization interference. A near infrared polarization interference-based optical system was designed, whose wavelength band is from 800 nm to 1700 nm, theoretical spectrum resolution is better than 8 cm-1, and clear aperture is Φ10.4 mm.The results of quality evaluation show that the root mean square radius at marginal field of view according to the spot diagram is about 1.7 μm, the lateral chromatic aberration is 0.2 μm, and the geometric encircled energy at all the field of view has reached to 100% within a diameter of Φ14 μm.

In order to improve the signal to noise ratio of the system and reduce the false alarm rate, the structure type, correction of the image aberration and the image illumination uniformity were researched and analyzed. The telecentric and retrofocus structure was adopted. The system with the full field of view of 110°, the relative aperture of 1/3, and spectral range from 0.254 μm to 0.272 μm was designed. The analysis results demonstrate that the dispersion spot diameter is smaller than 53.7 μm, the relative distortion is smaller than 20% at 0.85 field of view, and the relative illumination uniformity is smaller than 15% .The structure is compact and feasible for ultraviolet warning camera.

Ten types of two-dimensional Archimedean lattices were classified by square-like lattices and triangle-like lattices.Then the properties of photonic band gaps in the photonic crystals were studied by the plane wave expansion method.The effect of the normalized radius on the band gaps is discussed,and the band gap widths of above photonic crystals of lower frequency were compared.The numerical results show that the photonic crystals with square-like lattices and triangle-like lattices have some isotropic band gaps and lower frequency band gaps for the TM modes,the complete band gaps for the TE and TM modes were produced easily.The lower boundary values of first band gap for the TM modes are analyzed is minimal for the (32.4.3.4) and (3.6.3.6) lattices by analysis.The maximum values of those band gaps for the TM modes in the square-like lattices and triangle-like lattices are obtained if choosing an approriate normalized radius 0.2 and 0.26,and the typical photonic crystal with compound lattice has complete band gap.The research can pave a way in the design of new optical devices.

The optical trapping and the self-assembly of silica spheres suspended in the Fe3O4 magnetic fluid were investigated by using a single focused laser beam. It is found that a three dimensional and ordered assembly of silica spheres can be realized in the magnetic fluid while only a two dimensional assembly can happen in aqueous solution of silica spheres with the same laser power. The transversal gradient forces exerted on the silica spheres were determined with the Stokes' law when the silica spheres dispersed in the magnetic fluid and in the water, respectively. It is shown that the transversal gradient forces acting on silica spheres suspended in the magnetic fluids are smaller than that on the silica spheres suspended in water due to the increase of the effective permittivity of surrounding medium. In addition, the morphologies of the assembling structure were investigated with SEM. It is shown that the silica spheres are covered with a layer of magnetic nanoparticles which dramatically enhances the efficiency, the ordering and the stability of the assembly.

The fully-leaky optical guided wave technique was employed to measure the sum of splay and bend of flexoelectric coefficients in the negative nematic liquid crystal MS-N01300-000.The curves of reflectivity versus the internal angle (the angle of incident light to liquid crystal) with different flexoelectric coefficients under the same value of voltage can be calculated by the elastic theory of liquid crystal and the multi-layer optical theory.The director profile of the mentioned liquid crystal parameter filled in hybrid aligned nematic liquid crystal cell for different external applied voltages can be reflected by the curves of reflectivity versus the internal angle using the fully-leaky optical guided wave technique experimentally.There is a small move for the curves of reflectivity versus internal angle when alternating current voltage or direct current voltage with the same value is applied to the hybrid aligned nematic liquid crystal cell,which is induced by the flexoelectricity of liquid crystal.The approximate value of the sum of splay and bend of flexoelectric coefficient of MS-N01300-000 is 2.5×10-11 C/m by comparing theoretical results with experimental data.

Differential image motion monitor is widely used to obtain real-time seeing. Differential image motion was numerical simulated by random phase screen and optical defocus aberration, and the measurement accuracy of differential image motion monitor was analyzed, which showed that differential image motion monitor can reliably measure the near-ground turbulence. Comparision of experiment of two differential image motion monitors with the same hardwares was carried out at Xinglong Station of National Astronomical Observatory of China. The correlation between exposure time and measuring results was analyzed. The results show that the limited exposue time will reduce differential image motion and underestimate seeing value, and the trends over time and statistics of measurement results have good consistency.

In order to satisfy the requirement from the polarization navigation for the spatial position of feature points in the sky,a method is introduced to calculate the solar spatial position with the Rayleigh atmosphere polarization pattern.First,the distribution pattern of the polarized sky light is established on the basis of the Rayleigh scattering theory of the atmosphere optics.Then a method using nonlinear least square optimization is introduced to solve the matter of finding the solar spatial position with finite sampling information from the atmosphere polarization pattern.The Gauss-Newton method couple with global search for initial value guarantee less steady residual error.Experimental simulation results indicate that the error of the solar zenith angle and azimuth angle is respectively less than 10-5 degree and less than 10-6 degree with sampling the degree of polarization,and the errors of the two angles are all less than 10-6 with sampling the angle of the degree.And the method has shown good precision under different sampling types.As a result,the method is proved to be precise and adapt various sampling types,the polarization pattern can be efficiently processed into the solar spatial position.

To achieve small residual wavefront gradient tilt corrected by the adaptive optics system and good robust stability of the system, a mixed H2/H∞ control method for the adaptive optics system was proposed. In order to verify the control performance, the atmospheric turbulence wavefront gradient tilt was simulated, and the residual wavefront gradient tilt corrected by the adaptive optics wavefront gradient tilt correction test platform with the mixed H2/H∞ controller and by the one with the classic integral controller was compared. The robust stability of the two systems was compared as well. The result demonstrated that the test platform with the mixed H2/H∞ controller achieved not only smaller residual wavefront gradient tilt but also better robust stability compared to the one with the classic integral controller, and proved the efficiency of the mixed H2/H∞ control method for the adaptive optics system.

In order to study the active spontaneous emission of erbium-doped fiber pumped by arbitrary waveform pulse with breaking the limitation of pump waveform before. By dividing the time into tiny periods, the expressions for level population and the average power of active spontaneous emission were obtained with rate equations. Simulations and experiments show that pump glitches have less effect on the active spontaneous emission just like having a “high frequency filter”;the waveforms of the pump light and active spontaneous emission light are alike when the pump power is large relatively, this research can be used to all-optical modulation for the optical fiber laser. The results are consistent with the theoretical analysis, which show the analysis is reliable.

In order to realize the quick and accurate calibration for strain and temperature response coefficients of distributed sensing optical fibers, a novel method for simultaneous calibration of strain and temperature was proposed. The temperature of sensing fiber and metal tube was controlled by the thermostat. The strain of optical fiber twined around the metal tube was controlled by the linear thermal expansion of the metal tube. The temperature change of optical fiber around the metal tube was compensated by the loose fiber in the same thermostat. So that the simultaneous, quick and accurate calibration of strain and temperature can be realized. The strain and temperature response coefficients of Brillouin frequency shift of bare single-mode fiber were calibrated using a thermostatic waterbath and a stainless steel tube. The calibration span of strain was 620 με, the calibration range of temperature was 35~75℃. The strain and temperature response coefficients of Brillouin frequency shift of bare single-mode fiber were 0.048 MHz/με and 1.06 MHz/℃ respectively. Experiment results indicate that the method can be used to calibrate the strain and temperature of minor diameter distributed sensing fiber simultanously.

For protecting the transmission performance of the Polarization Multiplexed-Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (PM-QPSK) optical transmission system, an improved Optical-Signal-Noise-Ratio(OSNR) monitoring method based on high order statistical moment was proposed. By using different calibrations, this method is transparent for modulation formats. Using numerical simulation the proposed method is verified in 100 Gb/s PM-QPSK coherent receiving system. In the range of 5~25 dB OSNR, the OSNR measurement error is within 0.5 dB for the modulation formats with different duty cycle, and the system has 2 400 ps/nm of chromatic dispersion tolerance and 62 ps of first-order polarization mode dispersion tolerance for 14 dB OSNR with measurement error in 0.5 dB. The improved monitoring method has such advantages of small monitoring error and high tolerance to chromatic dispersion and first-order polarization mode dispersion.

Optical sorting of grain, is using different characteristics of near infrared absorption spectra of impurity inferior food and high quality food, and based on the difference of feature band which reflects the test components in the spectrum to do the sieving grain. Before the light beam into the sensor, it needs to pass through the optical filter,filtering the multiple test band and reducing the noise effect. A dual band-pass optical filter was developed which is the core parts in the system, it is based on the film system design theory, adopt Smith method and the film system design software basing on the combination of period and non period multilayer coatings to design the dual band-pass filter coating,. Utilize electron beam evaporation and ion assisted deposition method to prepare and mathematical modeling to analyze, which has reduced the influence of experimental error to the spectrum and prepared the filter coating. The average transmittance of which is more than 97% in 1 200 nm and 1 450 nm band and less than 1% in 1 000~1 130 nm and 1 130~2 000 nm band. The film meets the use requirements through the test system and evaluation.

CuCrCaO2 films were prepared by sol-gel.The effect of Ca-doping on the formation and electrical properties of the films with different environments and annealing temperatures was investigated.The CuCr1-xCaxO2(x=0,0.01,0.03,0.05,0.07)films are annealed at 1 100 ℃ in N2,XRD shows at low Ca concentration, the films have good crystallinities,lattice constant a,c and average grain size n increase with Ca concentration;at high Ca concentration impurity phases generate,makes a,c,n smaller,the results are identical with X-ray Diffraction(XRD).Besides,3%Ca hierarchical-mixed-spin-coating films are annealed quickly with different temperatures in air and N2 respectively.XRD shows hierarchical-mixed-spin-coating leads CuCrCaO2 to single crystal growth in N2 and has more obvious preferred orientation with higher annealed temperature.Using Hall instrument to measure films’ electrical properties with different Ca concentrations. The best conductivity is 1.22×10-1S/cm when x=0.03,which is three orders of magnitude higher than not doped films.It is shown that Ca doping helps to improve and the conductivity,the corresponding carrier mobility is 1.77 × 1018 cm-3,which means the material is P type structure.

TiO2/Eu3+,Y3+ down-conversion film was prepared by Sol-Gel method and applicated in dye-sensitized solar cells. Ultraviolet light converted to visible light by down-conversion feature to improve the visible light intensity of dye-sensitized solar cells. TiO2/Eu3+,Y3+ powder were characterized by the X-ray diffraction and fluorescence spectroscopy, the TiO2/Eu3+,Y3+ down-conversion film were tested by the fluorescence spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. Exposed to 396 nm ultraviolet light, down-conversion film could emit 535~620 nm wavelength visible light which showed a down-conversion features of the film. Bilayer down-conversion film still kept a higher visible light transmittance compared with a single phase TiO2 film. When total rare earth content is 4%, short circuit current is increased by 21.5% and photoelectric conversion efficiency by 14.1% with down-conversion feature of TiO2/Eu3+,Y3+ film.

In traditional method of testing the extinction rate of polarizing prism, as the incidence is not vertical and the position of extinction can′t be located accurately, extinction ratio can be measured accurately neither.To solve this problem, taking Glan-Taylor prism for example, magneto-optic modulation was adopted to define the extinction place accurately, rotating the prism several times to decrease the nonlinear perturbation caused by oblique incidence. Simulation and experiment show that, the minimum and maximum light intensity can be gained, the extinction rate was also obtained and fulfilled the precision requirement.

A kind of beam-splitting polarizing filter based on two-dimensional photonics crystal was proposed.The photonic bandgap was calculated by plane wave expansion method to confirm the micro-structure parameters,with which single polarized beam in 1550nm can be obtained;Finite-different time-domain method was used to optimize the 90° bending buffer layer and impacting wall of beam-splitter.This device indeed is a waveguide fabricated by introducing defect in two-dimensional photonics crystal array,a single polarization source can be obtained by using photonics band gap and 90° linear defect to filter a certain polarization completely off.By the construction of Y-shaped defect,an approximate splitting ration of 1: 1 is achieved.Through the optimization of the 90° linear defect and buffer layer,a ratio of 68% between the output power and input power is finally gained.

A thin film solar cell with a grating in the layer was designed to increase the absorption of gallium arsenide thin-film layer.By using rigorous coupled wave method,the absorption efficiency in the range of 280~900 nm was analyzed for GaAs layer with single and double rectangular gratings.When the thickness of absorption layer obtained under certain circumstances,the rate of absorption compared to the rectangular grating structure of the non patterned absorber layer was greatly improved.The absorption rate of double rectangular grating increased by at least 10% over single rectangular grating and 20% over non patterned,which is more obvious.The results indicate that,by designing the structure,random reflection photonic in grating increases the effect of time and distance in the light absorption layer,enhanced the absorption rate and finally improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the thin film solar cell.