According to the principle of Mach-Zehnder interferometers, an optical in-fiber Mach-Zehnder sensor for Surrounding Refractive Index (SRI) is designed and prepared based on single mode fiber/multimode fiber/single mode fiber/misallied fusion spliced point/single mode fiber structures by misallied fusion spliced technology. The multimode fiber and misallied fusion spliced point in this sensor are served as optical couplers. The light from leading in single mode fiber is coupled into a core mode and cladding modes and propagates in the fiber. Because different modes have different effective refractive indices when the light reaches the misallied fusion spliced point, different modes have different optical path lengths, and the intermodal interference will occur. The dip power of the transmission spectral response to the SRI is theoretically analyzed and experimentally studied. The experimental results show that the dip power at wavelength of 1 530 nm increases monotonically with the SRI in a Refractive Index(RI) range of 1.372 0—1.392 2. Moreover, the response curve of the sensor achieves a good linearity of 0.998 at the RI range of 1.372 0—1.392 2, which is corresponding to a high sensitivity of 252.06 dB/RIU.This compact size, low-cost and highly sensitive SRI sensor is easy to be fabricated, and offers attractive applications in biomedical sensing.

To implement the large area micro bending forming of metal foils, this paper presents a large area micro bending method by laser shock wave based on advantages of laser shock bending forming and soft punch forming. With this method, the metal sheets would be deformed under the soft punch. In the experiments, a pulse Nd-YAG laser (Innolas Gmbit Spitlight 2000 THG) with Gaussian distribution beam was employed, and the polyurethane rubber with a thickness of 250 μm were used as the soft punch. The U-shaped grooves with a depth of 120 μm were machined on a printed circuit board with an engraving machine made in Germany(LPKF-ProtoMat-C60). After one impact, three U-shaped grooves were replicated from the mold on cooper foils with a thickness of 30 μm. Observed by the digital measurement system (KEYENCE VHX-1000C), the deformed micro grooves in the work piece own good contour shape. Besides, the numerical simulation was used to understand the micro-bending process by the ANSYS/LS-DYNA software. The experiment and simulation results show that the work pieces with soft punch have more uniform multi-groove contour shapes and good surface quality. The depth of the deformed micro grooves in the work piece reaches as deep as 110 μm, higher than that from the laser direct shock shape(88 μm). Therefore, it implies that this kind of process improves the work piece forming ability and quality.

As the angle measurement accuracy for a laser tracker affects the instrument measurement accuracy directly, a discrete calibration method for the angle measurement errors of a metal circular grating in the laser tracker was proposed based on an autocollimator combined with a multi-mirror polyhedron. The error compensation method based on harmonic analysis was studied. Then, a compensation model was built up on the basis of the harmonic wave components whose amplitudes are large and phases remain essentially constant, by which the no convergence from least square method was overcome. Futhermore, the calibration uncertainty of angle measurement errors was analyzed. The analysis results show that the horizontal angle measurement accuracy is reduced from 1.60″ to 0.90″, and the vertical angle from 4.89″ to 0.91″ after compensation. The accuracy is improved by 44% and 81% respectively, and has been from an arc second scale to a sub-arc second scale. The results indicate that the proposed method effectively compensates angle measurement errors for harmonic and vertical axis systems of the laser tracker, and also provides a reference for other error compensation of angle measuring systems.

A measuring system for the cutoff depth of out-band of solar blind UV filters with a large dynamic range is proposed by using narrow-band Light Emitting diode(LED) lights as the standard light source. The measuring error of the system is also analyzed. The system consists of LED light sources, the standard reflective neutral attenuators known attenuation coefficients and a photomultiplier. Based on substitution method, the photomultiplier detects the current of the LED through the attenuator as reference to substitute LED initial current, thus the cutoff depth of the out-band of filters is acquired. For the reflective attenuator in the system, an attenuator combination method is presented to insure the photomultiplier working continuously within a linear response range. Experimental results show that the cutoff depth of the out-band of filters is measured to 11-OD in the large spectral range of 350—800 nm. Furthermore, the uncertainty is less than 2% and the relative repeatability error is less than 0.2%. The measuring system has a simpler structure, higher precise, a large spectral range and a wider dynamic range and has been widely used in the measurement of the filter cutoff depth of filters.

On the basis of the development of a novel vision-based airborne equipment mounted an attitude boresight system, a calibration method of the target plate for measurement of the object position and attitude was proposed. Firstly, the coordinates of target points on the target plate were acquired from multiple directions by using a camera, and target point locations were determined in a condition of one scale factor difference. Then, the absolute scale factor was recovered by using the multiple accurate movement of a single IR-LED and an image overlay method, and target point locations were obtained. Finally, the “target/base” relative position and attitude were solved by precisely controlling the target plate movement and by using each coordinate relationship before and after the movements. Furthermore, aimed at the target plate for the object attitude measurement, a simplified “target/base” calibration method based on movement along two vertical directions was proposed separately to reduce the equipment requirements in the calibration. Experimental results indicate that at the distance of 3—12 m, the standard deviations of attitude angle measurement are 0004—0.017°, and the attitude measurement accuracy is the same as that from the laser tracker.

To satisfy the requirements of a high-resolution hyperspectral imager with a large relative aperture and a wide spectral region, a new type plane grating spectrometer was proposed and designed based on double Schwarzschild structures. The astigmatism-correcting condition was derived based on the theory of geometrical aberration. The initial parameter computing was programmed by using Matlab software. As an example, an optical system for the plane grating spectrometer with a relative aperture of 1/2.5 operating in 350—1 000 nm was designed. The initial parameters were computed using proposed Matlab program, then the ray tracing and optimization for the spectrometer system were performed with ZEMAX-EE software. The analyzed results demonstrate that the spot radius(Root Mean Square, RMS) is less than 8.2 μm in the whole working waveband (from 350 nm to 1 000 nm), the astigmatism-corrected is realized, and good imaging quality is obtained in a wide spectral region with a large relative aperture. Obtained data satisfy the requirements of design specifications, and prove the feasibility of the new type plane grating spectrometer base on double Schwarzschild structures. It has extensive application prospects in spaceborne and airborne hyperspectral remote sensing fields.

The ‘Helmholtz movement’ of a bowed string was analyzed, and a non-contact optical measurement system based on high-speed photography was designed to measure the vibration of string of a violin. By designing a special path and setting a marked point on the string, the three dimensional vibration state of the marked point on string was measured on plucking and bowing the violin string with a high speed shooting rate of 7 000 frame/s and image resolution of 336×480. On the imaging processing algorithm based on the circular Hough transform, singular value decomposition algorithm and an automatic batch program, a large number of sequential images recorded were processed and the displacement and trajectory were extracted. The experimental results show that the proposed measurement system accurately tracks the motion and trajectory of the violin string, and the data processing accuracy of vibration displacement is 0.03 mm. The designed measurement system and image processing algorithm provide a valid experimental method for studying the mechanism of violin string vibration and developing an accurate theoretical model for string motion.

As domestic industrial endoscopes are only limited in sample observations and can not measure the three-dimensional shapes of workpieces, this paper designs an industrial endoscope whose probe has an outside diameter of 6 mm and is bendable in any directions. It introduces the endoscopic binocular optical system and the endoscopic internal structure. First, a new type of binocular optical system with a dual objective lens and a single image sensor was proposed based on the binocular stereo imaging principle. Then, the endoscopic head structure was designed according to the technical requirements of optical system. In consideration of the complex internal structures of some workpieces, a bendable structure and a back-end control device of endoscope were respectively designed to facilitate detecting precision parts, and the working principle of two structures were described. Finally, the length of two feature points on the surface of target was measured by the three-dimensional image processing software to obtain the distance between the two points. The experiment shows that the length measurement error of the two feature points is within ±0.2 mm. It basically realizes the three-dimensional measurement function of the industrial endoscope systems.

A spectrum-tunable integrating sphere light source based on a Light Emitting diode(LED) and basis sources was developed to eliminate the effect of spectral non-matching between calibration source and an on-orbit detecting target on the calibration accuracy of space optical remote sensor in a laboratory. The developed source was used to produce typical ground object spectra and to calibrate space optical remote sensors, which significantly diminishes the absolute radiometric calibration error caused by spectral non-matching mentioned above. Firstly, the affecting mechanism of the spectral non-matching on the absolute radiometric calibration accuracy of space optical remote sensor was analyzed. Then, the design scheme of the spectrum-tunable light source was given according to technical requirements. The scheme was mainly divided into four key issues: the determination of light source and design of spectral matching algorithm, the design of light source drive circuit and control system, the matching of target spectrum and spectral adjustment, and the optical-mechanical design of spectrum-tunable light source. In the end, the performance of calibrated spectrum-tunable light source was tested. The results show that the spectral non-matching errors of equi-energy spectrum and 6 000 K blackbody spectrum are 6.37% and 8.76% respectively, the irradiance non-uniformity is 0.53%, the irradiance instability of the spectrum-tunable light source within 30 min is 0.03%, and the radiance angular non-uniformity of the spectrum-tunable light source within horizontally ±30° is 0.80%. Moreover, it offers the spectral radiance above 007 W/(m2·sr·nm) and the integral radiance in 410—900 nm of 58.3 W/(m2·sr). These data all meet the design requirements of spectrum-tunable light sources.

To extract effectively characteristic information of adulterants in milk, the classification models for adulterated milk were established using two-dimensional(2D) correlation near-infrared spectra combining a Multi-way Principal Component Analysis(MPCA) with Least Square Support Vector Machines(LS-SVM). First, one-dimensional near-infrared spectra of pure milk and adulterated milk samples were collected and the synchronous 2D correlation spectra of all samples were calculated. Then, the MPCA was used to reduce dimension by extracting score matrix of 2D correlation data set. Finally, LS-SVM models for urea-tainted milk, melamine-tainted milk, and the above two kinds of adulterated milk were constructed by using score matrix extracted from 2D correlation spectra as the input variables. These models were used to discriminate the known samples in the test set and the results show that the classification accuracy rates of unknown samples are 923%, 96.2%, 92.3%, respectively. It demonstrates that the proposed method not only extracts effectively feature information of adulterants in milk, but also reduces the input dimension of LS-SVM and computational time. It realizes a better classification of adulterated milk and pure milk.

The hardware design of a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analyzer was improved to realize the simultaneous and continuous measurements of greenhouse gases and δ13CO2 values in high Precision. Firstly, the FTIR measurement system was designed and analyzed theoretically, and the temperature and pressure monitoring systems and sealed drying gas circuit were introduced into the spectroscopy. Then the process of quantitative spectral analysis was presented. Finally, the comparative measurements were designed by using standard gases. Experimental results on CH4, CO, CO2 and δ13CO2 indicate that the Standard Deviations(STD) measured by the designed analyzer are 001, 0.011, 0.239×10-6 and 0.572‰, the standard uncertainty of designed measurement system is improved about 6.3, 8.45, 10.54 and 14.73 times that of routine FTIR measurements, and the system errors are improved about 2.88, 1.93, 4.67 and 4.66 times, respectively. The comparison of the measurement results between the analyzer and the Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (IRMS) for δ13CO2 value shows that the STDs are 0.572‰ and 0.171‰ respectively, and the standard uncertainty of the both methods is similar. The FTIR analyzer for greenhouse gases and carbon isotope ratios satisfies the requirements of measurements for multi-species, online and high precision.

To accomplish the real-time track and measurement of remote distance objects, a continuous zoom optical system with an aperture of 650 mm and the long focuses of 5 000—2 000 mm was designed. The combinatorial design method of a Newton catadioptric system and a reverse continuous zoom system was adopted, and the pupil was matched and connected reasonably. A proper pupil position was determined, then, the ghost often appeared in the image plane in zoom process was eliminated. By reasonable matching the focal power of the main system and the zoom system, the secondary spectrum was minimized. By using the CODE Ⅴ software to optimize and balance the aberration of every focal length, all the aberration of focal positions in the zoom optical system were corrected and balanced, and the image plane was consistency strictly. Thus, the imaging quality of each focus is favorable. Experiments show that the full field average Modulation Transfer Function(MTF) of each focus at the Nyquist frequency is over than 0.524, which meets the system requirements.

A mega-gear positioning method based on laser tracker multi-station measurement was developed to improve the positioning accuracy of a mega-gear measuring system based on laser tracker and to ensure the positional and attitude relation between measuring instruments and a gear. The redundant data provided by laser tracker multi-station measurement were used to solve the optimally collinear equation between two points and to establish a multi-station measurement model based on laser tracker. Then, the singular value decomposition was used to correct the conditional number of analytical matrix in the multi-station measurement model. Experimental results show that the standard deviation mean of the distance between different station points obtained by the multi-station measurement mode is 0.008 mm, which is much less than that (0.024 mm )measured by directly measurement method at different stations. These data mean that the multi-station measurement model has a high control ability for measuring precision. The research improves 3D measuring precision of gear positioning and provides a reliable data source for establishing gear coordinate models of the mega-gear measuring system based on laser tracker.

To improve the bias stability of a silicon microgyroscope for more precise applications, the optimization of bias stability for the silicon microgyroscope was explored. By taking a typical Z-axis silicon microgyroscope for an example, zero-rate output errors of a typical Z-axis silicon microgyroscope caused by mechanical coupling, electrical coupling, mechanical thermal noise and interface circuit noise were analyzed. On the basis of decreasing the drift and noise of zero-rate outputs, the design principle to improve the bias stability of the silicon microgyroscope was proposed. The mechanical structure and interface circuits for the silicon microgyroscope were designed. To verify the availability of the design principle, the bias stability of the silicon microgyroscope was tested. Experimental results indicate that the zero-rate outputs of four tested silicon microgyroscopes are no obvious drifts, and their bias stabilities are at the level of 6 (°)/h. It suggests that the proposed silicon microgyroscope has reached a medium tactical precision grade.

As the thermoelectric coupling self-powering of a wireless sensor has a lower power and a fluctuated voltage, this paper proposes a new Power Management System(PMS) and its optimal time control strategy to allow the self-power wireless sensor to work stably at different spindle speeds. A thermal network model for the tool spindle was established and the input characteristics of thermal generating power management system was analyzed. Then, a circuit topology with more capacitances for the power management system was designed, and the optimized average output power from thermal generating power was obtained by calculating the charging/discharging time parameters of capacitors. An experiment was performed, and it verifies that the wireless sensor works stably at different spindle speeds driven by thermal power generation devices and the power management system. Several schemes for setting charging/discharging time of capacitors were compared, and the superiority of the time control strategy was verified. Finally, the spindle axial thermal deformation models were established for the data from the thermoelectric coupling self-powering wireless sensor and the traditional wired sensor. The results indicate that the wireless sensor monitors the key part of the spindle that the traditional ones can not be installed in, by which the more directional temperature data relative to the thermal deformation of prediction are obtained, and the error of thermal deformation prediction model is deceased about 40%.

When a traditional Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is used to measure the critical dimension (CD) of a line, the line width and the shape of two side-walls are difficult to be measured due to the probe shape and positioning. Therefore, this paper proposes a AFM with dual probes to eliminate the effect of probe shapes on measuring results. A alignment system based on machine vision for the AFM with dual probes was introduced, the system contacted the two probes each other to implement the alignment of the two probes in 3D directions. A lens with sub-micron resolution was used in the system to match a high resolution CCD to obtain the clear images and to acquire the movement states of two probes in both horizontal and vertical directions. Furthermore, the novel self-sensing and self-actuating probe based on a quartz tuning fork combined was used for dynamic mode AFM to simplify the system, by which it not needed the external optical detection system, and its dimension was shortened and the affect come from stray light was eliminated. Finally, by extracting sub pixel edge of the tips, the related position between two probes was obtained accurately and the alignment of two probes in sub micron(within 1 μm)was implemented. The results were verified by the distance between two probes and amplitude/phase curves.

In consideration of the difficulty of directly using the multi-sensor detecting data in detection of the burden surface of a blast furnace(BF), a novel approach is put forward. The method fuses height data and temperature data and makes use of material mechanism to estimate the non-detecting points to obtain the burden surface. First, multi-sourced data obtained by dissimilar sensors are dealt with in both the time dimension and the spatial dimension. Then, a specific means of loop domain registration is proposed to derive the height of burden surface from the temperature of burden surface. Finally, by combing with the physical properties of surface shape and using Bayes fusion for the theoretical shape and multi-sourced data, the image of burden surface shape of BF is acquired. The experiments indicate that the measurement accuracy has improved by 5.4%, and the resolution of BF has improved by 0.43 as compared with that the traditional burden surface shape estimating method. The method provides necessary guidance for energy saving operation of blast furnaces.

To shorten the design schedule of a direct drive servo system and to ensure its performance to meet the indicator demand of the system design, a mechatronic modeling method for the direct drive servo system was proposed. By taking a typical uniaxial direct drive system for an example, the implementation process of the method was described. The dynamics model of direct drive system was established, and the mechatronic co-simulation model based on Matlab and Recurdyn was also build. The time-frequency domain characteristics of the mechatronic co-simulation model was analyzed and simulated in different conditions, then their simulation and experiment results were compared. Comparison results show that open-loop time-frequency domain simulation and an pratical experiment results are basically consistent, and its Amplitude-frequency Characteristic Matching Degree (ACMD) is greater than 83%, Phase-frequency Characteristic Matching Degree (PCMD) greater than 73%, and Time-domain Response Matching Degree (TRMD) greater than 89%. It verifies the correctness and effevtiveness of the mechatronic co-designing method. The method is suitable for predicting the system performance in the mechatronic design process, which improves design efficiency.

A new type radial extrusion type piezoelectric transducer for ultrasonic levitation bearings was designed to verify the correctness of the theoretical calculation of ultrasonic bearing radial resonance frequency. Based on the basic theory of elastic, piezoelectric equation, and the electromechanical analogy principle, the mechanical and electrical equivalent circuit diagram for the piezoelectric transducer was established, and the resonance frequency equation of the radial vibration of the piezoelectric transducer was deduced. Then, MATLAB software was applied to calculation of the resonant frequency of piezoelectric transducer, and the finite element software was used to analyze the modal of the known structure size of transducer, calculate the resonance frequency of the piezoelectric transducer under the required vibration mode and simulate and analyze the impact of transducer structure size on resonance frequency and radial amplitude of the transducer. A prototype was designed and its resonant frequency was verified on the basis of theory, simulations and experiments. Result shows that the relative errors of theoretical and experimental results and simulation and experiment results for the radial vibration resonance frequency are 589%, and 353%, respectively. These results verify the correctness of the theoretical calculation method and provide theoretical basis for the design of extruded piezoelectric transducers.

The lift of a quad-rotor aircraft is composed of series frequencies related to the rotor speeds. As it will interferes the control of the aircraft, this paper analyzes the effect of high-frequency lift component on the aircraft and gives an inhibiting method for the lift fluctuation. Firstly, the dynamic model of quad rotor aircraft was established by Lagrangians method and the relational expression between the high-frequency lift component and the disturbance of aircraft angular velocity was obtained. According to the previous analysis, the angular velocity feedback loop was joined a Kalman filter for colored noise to restrain the disturbance of angular velocity acting on the controller. A prototype was designed. The testing results show when the proposed method is used in hovering control of the quad rotor aircraft, the control variable fluctuations decrease by 50% and the high frequency control volume attenuates to under -17 db as compared with that of traditional PID method, respectively. The method of this paper effectively solves the effect of lift fluctuation on the quad rotor aircraft and improves the efficiency of control.

The morphology and composition of living diatoms were explored at different heating rates, in which the marine diatom Navicula sp. was selected as experimental materials. First, the frustules from living diatoms were cleaned by hydrochloric acid to remove metal oxide and other inorganic salts. After that, chemically purified frustules were heated to 600 ℃ at the heating rates of 1 ℃/min, 3 ℃/min, 5 ℃/min and 7 ℃/min for 2 h. The morphology and composition of diatom frustules at different stages were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra (FTIR), Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDS). Obtained results show that the SiO2 contents increase with the slowdown of the heating rate. The highest SiO2 content in the diatom frustules is obtained when they are baked at 600℃ at a heating rate of 1℃/min for 2 h, reached about 90%, and they will maintain a shape perfectly with few impurities. These results mean that organic matter is difficult to be removed with a fast heating speed because the biosilica structures of frustules are characterized by good thermal insulator and slower heat transfer. Moreover, higher temperatures and longer maintaining temperature will effect the morphology of diatom frustules. Therefore, it suggests that the slower heating rate is beneficial to removing organic matters and ensuring the integrity of diatom appearance.

An automatic positioning system using a pair of two-dimensional (2-D) zero-reference gratings was established to implement the nano-positioning in 2D directions. Firstly, the 64×64 coded 2-D zero-reference gratings with a grid width of 5 μm was designed and fabricated. Then, the photoelectric conversion circuit and control circuit were built for the automatic nano-positioning system to implement data acquisition, display and motion control and other functions. Finally, an automatic positioning algorithm using an integral method was proposed to achieve the automatic positioning in 2D directions. The results show that the system positioning speed depends on the transmittance of light intensity distribution and the positioning success rate is related to the starting position. If the starting position is located in the central circular area with a radius of 2.5 μm, this equipment may achieve nanoscale positioning. If the starting position is located in the central circular area with a radius range of 5—200 μm, the automatic alignment may present blind spots. In this case, the starting positions should be changed to perform the positioning process again and the alignment will be achieved successfully.

As the SiC lightweight primary mirror in a 4 m photoelectric telescope has high specific stiffness and needs strict surface precision, this paper proposes an axial active support system based on the hydraulic whiffletree passive support for the primary mirror. The hydraulic whiffletree support system was used to support the mirror weight, and the active support was just output active forces to correct mirror surface errors, reduce the active force range and to increase the precision of active force. A 54-point axial support system and a 24-point lateral support system were optimized by the Finite Element Method(FEM), and the parameter of lateral force β was 0.5. With the hydraulic passive support system, the mirror surface deformation Root Mean Square(RMS) values from the gravity of the primary mirror are 37.8 nm and 82.9 nm respectively under horizontal and vertical states. After active correction, the mirror surface error RMS values are reduced to 12.0 nm and 9.8 nm accordingly. Analysis indicates that the mirror surface deformation of 4 m SiC lightweight primary mirror at different pitch angles is less than λ/30(λ=632.8 nm) and meets the requirements of surface errors.

The interfacial mechanical behavior between Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) and composite matrices has great influence on the mechanical properties of composites, so numerical simulations based on finite element methods were presented to investigate the interfacial debonding, shear stress distributions and pullout forces of Single-walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) reinforced polymer composites. An axisymmetric three-cylinder model was presented, and a cohesive model was applied to simulation of the interfacial layer between the SWCNTs and polymer matrix. The influence of the aspect ratio of SWCNTs, interfacial strength and the residual stress induced by Thermal Expansion Coefficient (TEC) mismatch on the interfacial shear stress and debonding were discussed. The results of numerical simulations show that the aspect ratio of SWCNTs, interfacial strength and the residual stress have great influence on the interfacial shear stress and debonding when the length of SWCNT is 50—100 nm, the interfacial strength is 50—100 MPa and the reduction of environmental temperature is 100℃.

The common one-off locking devices and repeated locking devices at domestic and overseas for magnetic bearing flywheels are introduced and their structures and working principles are analyzed. The research status of locking protection devices for magnetic bearing flywheels and their applications in satellite attitude control systems are summarized. The foreign one-off inner and outer locking devices are introduced. Combining the scheme construction of locking devices, the application situations of different locking devices are presented. To remedy the defect of one-off locking device which can not repeat locking and releasing, the development of domestic repeated locking devices is reviewed. The repeated inner locking device based on self-locking of wedge and the repeated clamping locking device are emphatically analyzed. Finally, the developing prospect of locking protection technology is expected. It points out that the inner repeatable locking device based on single actuator, the repeatable locking device with high locking stiffness and damping, and the testing method to verify protection function will be primary research directions of locking protection technology for magnetic bearing flywheels.

The first order and second order MEMS-based transmission low-frequency piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters are designed, which transform the vibration energy under a low-frequency environment (less than 200 Hz) into electricity through a piezoelectric effect to solve the problem of vibration energy harvesting. The first-order transmission energy harvester model includes a first-order transmission beam and a piezoelectric cantilever, the second-order transmission energy harvester model incorporates a first-order transmission beam, a second-order transmission beam and a piezoelectric cantilever. The results of mathematical modeling and finite element analysis indicate that the operating frequency of the energy harvester decrease monotonically with the decline of the Young modulus for the first and second order transmission beams and the piezoelectric cantilever; the design of transmission beam effectively reduces the high-order operating frequency of the harvester and broadens the operating bandwidth. As compared with the first-order transmission beam, the second-order transmission beam has acquired two voltage peaks (respectively 3.18 V/g and 1.33 V/g) at ultra-low frequencies (10.98 Hz and 44.52 Hz) with the acceleration of 1g, which further lowers the system operating frequency and widens the effective working bandwidth (less than 50 Hz). Obtained results show the harvesters are suitable for low-frequency vibration energy harvesting.

As wide-field scanning solar irradiance monitors (SIMs) on the FY-3(01) satellite and FY-3(02) satellite have short measuring time and low accuracy, the high precision sun-tracking measurement of the SIM on the FY-3(03) satellite was explored. Firstly, the sun-tracking accuracy and the rotation angle of the SIM were analyzed, the field of view, frequency and the resolution of the Digital Sun Sensor (DSS) were tested and determined, and the on-orbit image irradiance of the DSS was calibrated. In order to eliminate the jitter tracking, the relationship between the control interval and the tracking accuracy was analyzed, and the ideal control interval was determined to be 500 ms. The experiment on ground and on-orbit show that the sun-tracking accuracy of SIM is better than ±0.1°, the pitch on-orbit tracking accuracy, yaw on-orbit tracking accuracy are 0.029°and 0025°, respectively, and the original TSI value measured successfully by the SIM is 1 353.1 W/m2. Moreover, the DSS shows an accurate sun pointing and reliable sun-tracking control, by which the measurement time of TSI is increased significantly. The experiment shows that the SIM on the FY-3(03) satellite implements the sun-tracking measurement on the sun synchronous satellite, and the tracking accuracy is about 10 times that of the similar payload CPD on International Space Station (ISS).

The causes of long-period error of a small photoelectric encoder and its distribution law were researched and a correction method for the long-period error of the small photoelectric encoder was proposed. A Fourier neural network error correction model was built firstly based on orthogonal trigonometric functions, and the nonlinear optimization problem between the input and output of the encoder was transformed to a linear optimization problem. By taking the output value of the high-accuracy benchmark encoder as the learning reference for the neural network model, an improved differential evaluation algorithm combined with simulated annealing strategy was applied to training of the neural network and to ensuring its global optimization search ability in the initial stage but fast convergence rate and high accuracy in the later period.The method was applied to the long period error correction test of a 16-bit small photoelectric encoder, and experimental results show that the peak errors of the encoder is reduced from 45″—-175″ to 10″—-875″ and the standard deviation of long-period errors is reduced from 203″ to lower than 4″.The results mean that the proposed long-period error correction method improves the accuracy of small photoelectric encoders.

This paper focuses on the mathematical modeling of an oversampling scanning optical system and an electronic system as well as the imaging simulation for point targets and scene images. It proposes new modeling idea and method to divide the finite images into large numbers of simulate analog images. By using this method, the processes of point target imaging, scene imaging and scanning and energy integral are simulated in matlab, and reconstructed images are obtained. The simulation experiment presents the trends of Signal to Noise Ratios(SNRs) with different oversampling times and the SNRs of point target located at different phases, as well as the trend of SNR with integration time increasing. The result shows that the reconstructed image increases the high frequency noise so that to reduces the detection probability and enlarges the false alarm, although it increases the size of the point target in the reconstructed image. At last, it gives the result of the point target imaging experiment based on pinholes, which verifies further the validity of the simulation results, and points out that the oversampling system is unfit for the point target detection.

As spatial light modulators based on Digital Micro-mirror Devices (DMDs) combined with image sensors could detect strong and weak targets in high dynamic scenes and get high dynamic images, this paper researches the application of DMDs to high dynamic scene image detection systems. Firstly, the application principle of the DMD was introduced, and how to control and drive the DMD in the high dynamic scene image detection system was analyzed. Then, based on DMDs working characteristics, a control driver was designed to make optoelectronic image equipment improve its dynamic range by 66 dB. The main modules were described and working parameters in the system were given. Finally, the feasibility of the system was verified experimentally. The result shows that the control driver detects the strong and weak targets simultaneously in the high dynamic scene, and improves the dynamic range of 66 dB. When a 11 bit higher sensitive imaging sensor is used in the system, the dynamic scene will be over 130 dB.

Video-to-video temporal super-resolution technology eliminates motion blur and motion aliasing existing in a captured video sequence. However, smaller temporal reconstruction times can not effectively remove motion blur and motion aliasing, while larger times will lead to serious temporal-ringing and the wrong location of a moving object in process of temporal reconstruction. This paper explores how to select an appropriate temporal construction times in the temporal reconstruction. In general, only the number of input video sequences is considered in deciding temporal reconstruction times of video-to-video super-resolution reconstruction. In fact, temporal reconstruction times are also associated with redundant temporal information provided by each input low-temporal resolution video sequence. So, a novel method to select an appropriate temporal reconstruction times is proposed by analyzing the exposure-time and location relation of aligned low resolution input video sequences. From theoretical discussion and experimental results, the proposed method is validated to be effective and efficient.

To compress and encrypt images synchronously, a joint compression-encryption algorithm by using a hyper-chaos Chen system and a improved zero tree coding was proposed. Based on the improved zero-tree coding, a key stream produced by the hyper-chaotic Chen system was used to modify the context and the decision after bit-plane encoding, then they were fed into a MQ arithmetic coder to compress and produce the corresponding code streams. The code streams were feedbacked into the input end of hyper-chaos Chen system to produce a new secret key related to the plaintext and to realize the joint compression-encryption. Experimental results indicate that the Peak Signal to Noise (PSNR) of proposed algorithm is improved at least 1 dB, and the key space is 256 bit. The encryption time percentages of total time are all less than 45% and the plaintext and secret have higher sensitivity. The proposed algorithm realizes the synchronization of image compression and encryption, and the image reconstruction quality is higher than that of embedded zero wavelet.It is characterized by the high resistance for linear attack and differential attack, a large key space and better safety performance.

On the basis of service conditions of a shipboard theodolite, the relationship between ship-attitudes in different scopes and measuring angles was analyzed, a segmented regression model was put forward, and a scheme of regression and compensation for the shipboard optical measurement equipment was given. Firstly, based on the ship-attitude error model and several different residual errors of experimental data, the correlation between the measured variables was analyzed. According to the characteristics of shipboard equipment, a segmented dual-regression model was given, and a regression database was established. Then, an additional observation scheme before mission was proposed for afterward regressing. Finally based on the additional measurement residual errors and the regression database, the compensating method was explained based on measuring condition similarity. The experimental results after compensation by proposed method show that the angle measuring errors(RMS) of the equipment change from less than or equal to 57″ into 21″ for the azimuth, and from 34″ into 17″ for the pitch respectively, when the maximum ship-attitude errors are at the head of 72″, pitch of 24″ and the roll of 24″. The scheme basically meets the precision and stability requirements of the data processing for shipboard optical measurement equipment.

As Visual Background Extractor(ViBe) can not implement foreground detection precisely for a particular scene with dynamic backgrounds, This paper proposes a modified ViBe algorithm. It describes the original ViBe algorithm and its characteristics and discusses several modification schemes for the original ViBe in dynamic background scenes. Firstly, model initialization is conducted with several continuous frames instead of one single frame to handle ghosts. Then, self-adaptive threshold is adopted in the process of model matching so that background models is better suitable for the dynamic background. Finally, a spatial coherence estimation and a fuzzy rule in model maintenance are proposed to reduce false detections and to improve the robustness of the algorithm. Experiments demonstrate that the algorithm proposed detects effectively the movement targets in dynamic background scenes and its precision is improved by 20 percent as compared with that of the original ViBe algorithm.

As the rate control model in H.264/AVC ignores the influence of video features on the selection of a Initial Quantization Parameter (QP0), this paper proposes a novel QP0 algorithm based on video features to improve the performance of H.264/AVC rate control. First, video features which have influence on the determination of QP0 were analyzed, such as (bit per pix, bpp), video complexities and length of Group of Picture (GOP). Then, functional relationships between QP0 and bpp, QP0 and video complexity were established through extensive simulation. Finally, considering the influence of the length of GOP on the QP0, the QP0 model was revised. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm increases the average Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR) of reconstructed video by 0.185 dB for Quarter Common Interchange format(QCIF) and 0.144 dB for Common Interchange format (CIF) sequence as compared with the algorithm in JM12.2. According to the error of rate control, the control amplitude is increased to 37.3% for the QCIF sequence and 11.2% for the CIF sequence. Moreover, the PSNR fluctuations are reduced by 50% for both sequences. In conclusion, the proposed method not only decreases the error of rate control, but also depresses PSNR fluctuations effectively.

To estimate the Direction-of-Arrival (DOA) and Doppler frequency accurately and efficiently, a joint spectrum estimation method based on isolation niche technique and Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (SFLA) was presented. Firstly, an extended observable matrix containing the information of DOAs and Doppler frequency was constructed by using state-space model. Then, the joint spectrum function was fitted using MUSIC algorithm and the extended observable matrix and the joint estimation were converted to multidimensional nonlinear function optimization. Finally, the isolation niche technique was applied to modification of the SFLA and the search of 2D MUSIC spectrum peak, so that to reduce the computation loads and obtain the estimated DOAs and Dopplers. Experimental results indicate that the Root Mean Square Errors(RMSEs) of DOAs and Dopplers estimated from the proposed method are 0.23°and 0.005 5 rad respectively when the signal source number is two and the SNR is 0 dB. The proposed method gets high resolution parameter estimation with less computation loads and control terms, and the parameters are paired automatically.

On the basis of the degradation process of a blurred image, a convolution fuzzy model and the fuzzy image generation mechanism, a zero-norm regularization kernel estimation method is proposed to overcome the problem that 0 norm is difficult to solve in the remote sensing image reconstruction. By taking a fuzzy nuclear sparse for prior knowledge and corresponding gradient norms for regular items, the method avoids the impact of small edges of the image on blurred kernel and accurately estimates the blur kernel by the blurring image. Furthermore, the super Laplace distribution is used to approximate the heavy-tailed distribution of image gradient, and the norm regularization is taken to deconvolute the blurred image to recover the original image. As compared with the traditional methods, the proposed method estimates the obscure kernel of the image correctly, restrains the ringing phenomena well and improves the quality of remoter sensing image. The experiments for the same blade shows that Modulation Transfer Function(MTF) curve from proposed method is better than those from the blurred images and other reconstructed images.

The current anti-collision algorithms for Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID)was analyzed and compared, and an optimized mixed frame anti-collision algorithm based on the binary tree and frame time slotted ALOHA was presented to resolve the problems in traditional algorithms. In proposed algorithm, the frame time slot algorithm was used to identify collision time slot when a reader communicated with the labels. However, if the collision labels have happened in the one time slot, the binary tree algorithm was used to make a clear distinction. By using the Manchester decoder to get collision location, the states of collision was estimated in one time slot, then the mathematical expectation was obtained by using mathematical deduction and R software programming. The simulation shows that the proposed mixed algorithm gives full play to the advantages of the two algorithms, its throughput rate, searching time and transmission delay are all superior to that of the traditional algorithm, especially, the throughput rate is nearly higher 50% than that of the ALOHA algorithm. Moreover, the data transmission shows higher security by decreasing of the burden of other transport.