An accurate calibration method for stereo microscope measurement systems was proposed based on a projection model, a non-parametric distortion model and the bundle adjustment algorithm. The key technologies involved were investigated. Firstly, a calibration target was designed by using the lithography method, and the images of the target were recorded from different orientations by using two cameras. Then, the distortion correction fields were calculated by using the spline surface and the non-parametric distortion model, and a complete micro-vision imaging model was established based on a perspective projective model. Finally, the calibration calculation and optimization for the imaging model were performed by using the bundle adjustment algorithm. To validate the performance of the proposed method, a stereo microscope setup was developed for small-scale deformation measurement. By using an electronically controlled displacement setup, experiments for microscopic calibration and displacement measurement were conducted. Experimental results demonstrate that the focal length and the relative orientation parameters of the internal optics of the setup is obtained, and the displacement measurement accuracy is better than 1%. It concludes that the proposed method satisfies the accuracy requirement of the 3D deformation measurement during bulging processes and is also suitable for other microscopic vision measuring fields.

A new design method for unobsured catadioptric infrared optical systems was presented to avoid the obstruction of traditional catadioptric systems. The linear aberration reasons of conventional off-axis two-mirror telescopes were analyzed. As the unobscured optical system is difficult to be designed because of the linear astigmatism in the off-axis two-mirror telescope, the conditions to eliminate the linear astigmatism were discussed. On the conditions, an design idea of unobsured catadioptric optical systems was proposed through associating with coaxal lenses. By combining different relay lenses, two unobsured catadioptric infrared optical systems were implemented for 3-5 μm MW IR and 8-12 μm LW IR applications. The optical design parameters of the two systems are effective focal length of 200 mm, F=2, and the full field of view of 2.75°×2.2°. The performance of the two systems approaches to diffractive limit from Modulation Transfer Function(MTF) curves of all field of view. The design results show that the high performance unobscured catadioptric infrared optical systems will be obtained by combination of zero linear astigmatism confocal off-axis two-mirror telescopes with coaxal lenses.

A non-intrusive flow test method based on turbulent vibration principle is proposed. The method wounds a specific length of sensing fiber tightly around the outer wall of a pipe and connects the optical fiber gratings at both ends,then the sensing fiber and the optical fiber gratings compose a flow sensing unit. When the fluid flows through the pipe, the dynamic pressure is generated by the turbulence, and the dynamic pressure causes the light phase shift of the sensing fiber to change. The phase information is demodulated by the fiber optic interferometer technology, time division multiplexing technology and phase generated carrier modulation and demodulation techniques, and the flow was detected in line. The experiments show the relationship between phase change and flow rate is a quadratic curve and the fluid flow monitoring range of the experimental system is from 5 m3/h to 50 m3/h. As the optical fiber is to be a flow sensing signal, the method is characterized by a simpler structure, higher sensitivity. It overcomes the shortcoming of an optical fiber sensing flowmeter in intrusive flow, and is an idea real-time monitoring method of flow for oil well logging.

As the relationship between output intensity and modulation voltage of a modulation laser in Fizeau interferometer will effect the accuracy of phase calculation, this paper proposes an intensity self-calibration phase-shifting algorithm. Firstly, the relationship between output intensity and modulation voltage of the modulation laser was analyzed, and a mathematical model was established. Then, on the basis of least square estimation, the intensity self-calibration phase-shifting algorithm was deduced. Finally, a simulation experiment was performed. The 12 interferograms with changed backgrounds were generated by computers, and their phases were retrieved. The experiment indicates that the algorithm immunes the intensity change well, and retrieves the phase accurately. The measuring results for a flat mirror with a caliber of 100 mm show that the calculated phase precision is RMS of 0.005λ, and PV of 0.073λ. As a comparison with a ZYGO interferometer for the same flat mirror, the deviations are RMS of 0.0014λ, and PV of 0.022λ. Both simulation and experiment results show that the proposed intensity self-calibration phase-shifting algorithm is feasible and practical in the Fizeau interferometer with wavelength tunning.

To obtain the thermal ablation law of nylon materials under laser irradiation, the infrared imaging was used to explore thermal ablation phenomena of nylon materials under continuous infrared laser irradiation. A camera and an infrared thermal imager were used to record the main phenomena of laser ablation and its temperature field，and a comparison between experiment results and ANSYS simulation was performed. When the nylon was irradiated by using a 976 nm laser beam with an output power density of 1×105 W/m2 and a spot semi-diameter of 10 mm, the experiments show that the temperature of nylon rises quickly at first, then ,expands, melts and decomposes. As time goes on, the temperature of nylon changes slowly, and the melted parts degenerate into the spot edge. When the temperature of nylon reaches certain value, it is no longer rise. Affected by beam quality, material heterogeneous, melted parts degenerated and so on,it indicates that the experimental ablation results and the theoretical results are slightly different, but basically acceptable, which verifies the feasibility of the proposed method and ANSYS simulation.

A novel ultra-thin refract-reflect projection display system was designed to meet the severe requirements of imaging lens in large screen projection display for ultra-short focal length, larger field of view, ultra-thin, larger relative aperture and higher resolution. A 0.65 inch (16.51 cm) Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) produced by TI Inc. was employed as the spatial light modulator and an aspheric mirror was used to correct distortion and shorten projection distance. Furthermore, a fold mirror was also taken to turn back the optical path to achieve ultra-thin projection display. The system is consisted of five lenses and an aspheric mirror, of which the focal length is 2.8 mm , the F-number is 3.5 and the minimum and the maximum field angles are 55° and 78.5°, respectively. When the projection distance is set to be 120 mm, the screen size can be 65.2 inch (165.6 cm). With the design, it shows that the Modulation Transfer Function(MTF) of over 95% field of view of the system is higher than 0.6 at the Nyquist frequency of the image plane. The maximum distortion is 0.8TV%, and 90% geometric encircled energy in the point target is focused in one pixel. To verify the performance of the ultra-thin refract-reflect projecting lens, a principle prototype was fabricated and assembled. The experimental results show that the system has excellent display performance, and meets the design requirements of ultra-thin, low cost and small-scale mass production.

A frequency spectral coding method based on a practical CCD model was added into a photo-electronic imaging system to overcome the CCD limitation on spatial resolution and to achieve geometric superresolution imaging. The working mechanism of the geometric superresolution imaging with an optical mask was introduced. On the basis of the practical CCD model, the optical mask was placed on the Fourier transform plane of the 4f imaging system to improve the image resolution. A mathematical model of the imaging system was established and rigidly analyzed. The proposed frequency spectral coding method based on the CCD practical model was demonstrated to be validly in theory. Mathematical modeling and simulation on the proposed method in one dimensional optical mask were performed. Simulation results show that this method enable to solve the spectral aliasing caused by the separations among the pixels and the low-pass effect due to the CCD nonzero pixel size. To compare with the conventional approach, this new method is much easy to implement and has a simple structure.

On the basis of thermal elastic mechanic equations, N-S equations and scalar wave equation, the thermal deformation of a reflector in a laser system caused by absorbing beam's energy and its effect on beam propagation were researched. Meanwhile, how much the blowing flow field would affect the beam at different blowing speeds was studied too. Then, the two effects were compared and their combined influence with sequential coupling on the beam was studied. Results show when the thin column reflector is free in constraint and is fixed at center point of back side, its deformation is rather small even radiated with a quite high power density laser beam. The effect of the deformation on beam propagation just displays as making beam tilted slightly in the outgoing direction and it is eliminated by pre-checking the optical system or is neglected directly. The results also show that blowing flow field will affect the beam quiet little when its speed is lower than 30 m/s. However, the effect will grow rapidly when the speed increases to rather high. Finally, it gives the conclusion that the combined influence on the beam is not evident when the blowing speed is not high and it could be omitted simply in most cases.

As the yaw angle of a machine-ruling grating will decline its wavefront quality and influence grating performance and application level, this paper proposes a correction method of single piezoelectric actuator according to the characteristics of the grating machine-ruling process. The method adjusts continuously the displacement of a micro-positioning table to correct the yaw angle error of grating line. Firstly, a real-time displacement correction formula for the micro-positioning table was deduced. Then, the yaw angle of micro-positioning table was measured and analyzed by three interferometers and its main component. Finally, amplification and correction experiments of the yaw angle of grating line were performed. The results show that experiments have basically achieved the expected results. Comparing to the result before yaw angle correction, the corrected yaw angle of grating line for a grating with a width of 10.4 mm and linear density of 600 line/mm has reduced by 64% or more. It concludes that the single piezoelectric actuator approach to the yaw angle correction of grating line effectively reduces yaw angle of grating line and improves the quality of the grating. This method is applicable to the yaw angle correction of machine-ruling grating with a large area.

According to the requirements of astronomical telescopes for Deformable Mirrors (DMs), a silicon unimorph DM with 200 elements were designed and its characteristics were measured. Firstly, the structure model of unimorph DM was developed using finite element method. The influences of the electrode arrangement and the boundary support of the DM on correction capability were investigated. Then, three prototype DMs( annular & simply support， annular & clamped support， and hexagonal & simply support)were fabricated. The influence functions of the fabricated DMs were measured using an interferometer. And the frequency response was measured using a laser Dopplar vibrometer. The simulation and experimental results indicate that the deflection of the actuator is more than 1 μm at 50 V and the resonance frequency of the DM with clamped boundary is about 1 kHz. The DMs have a well correction capability for the first 100 Zernike aberrations. These show that the developed DMs have potential applications for low-cost adaptive optics in astronomy.

To measure infrared radiation characteristics of air targets, the calibration system for a 1 m aperture infrared measurement system was designed. A mathematic model of calibration for the infrared measurement system was given and a radiometric calibration system was established by combinations of a cavity blackbody and a collimator as the standard radiation source. Because the spectral response of the infrared measuring system is selective, the calibration principle based on conventional radiometric calibration method has theoretical errors and reduces the precision of radiometric calibration. To solve the problem, a relative spectral calibration method based on a monochromator and a standard radiometer was proposed. The mathematical model was given and a relative spectral calibration was performed. Finally, the experiments on radiation characteristic measurement were performed in the field by using the blackbody as a simulated target. The results show that the measurement max error from the 1 m aperture infrared radiation characteristic measurement system is 9.5% and improves by an average of 8.7% as compared with that of the conventional method. These show that the proposed method meets the requirements of practical applications and is suitable for the radiometric calibration in the out-fields.

To describe an effective heat source caused by the reflectance variation under laser irradiation, a dynamic model of reflectance evolution consisting of a multi-layer oxide film growth model,a multi absorbing film on absorbing substrate model and a heat diffusion model is build. The oxide film consists of three layers of Fe2O3, Fe3O4 and FeO. The oxidation rates of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 layers are represented by a linear rate law at initial stages and a parabolic rate law at later stages than 100 nm. The Fe3O4 layer and FeO layer form films from 250 ℃ and 570 ℃. The multiabsorbing film on absorbing substrate mode is used to calculate the reflectance of the multi-laryer oxide film and its temperature is computed by the thermal conductive equation, by which the time dependance of reflectance on temperature is obtained.Finally, a time dependence of reflectance and temperature are calculated. The total integrated scattering measurement device is established to measure the reflectance and temperature of the 45# steel irradiated by 1.06 μm cw laser with different powers in-situ. The numerical solutions are in agreement with the experimental data.

Both space optical system and laser communicating antenna need a large aperture optical system, which increases the load of a satellite. This paper proposes a new co-aperture optical system for space imaging and laser communication to decrease the mass of the satellite. On the basis of primary aberration theory, the design method of initial configuration of the co-aperture optical system was presented, in which the imaging and communication share primary and secondary mirrors and work at different fields. A co-aperture optical system was designed with a primary mirror with a diameter of 600 mm and a secondary mirror with a obstruction ratio of 0.225. The system shows good imaging capability and its Modulation Transfer Function(MTF) for all field of view is more than 0.47, very close to the diffraction limitation. The RMS wavefront of the laser sending section is far less than λ/20, and the sending laser beam is in good quality with a least divergence angle about 4 μrad.The size of the light spot on the imaging surface is less than that of detecting surface, which satisfies the detecting request. Finally, the tolerance analysis was preformed and the assembling method was given. By sharing the primary and secondary mirrors, this design reduces the mass and volume of the system and satisfies the needs of space imaging and laser communication.

The physical and chemistry properties of TiNi shape memory alloy and TC4 titanium alloy are quite different, so the weldability is poor and a number of intermetallic compounds and cracks will produce in the weld seam. To achieve good joining of TiNi shape memory alloy and TC4 titanium alloy and improve the welded joint properties, this paper explores the micro laser welding of dissimilar materials between TiNi shape memory alloy and titanium alloy. The butt welding method and manual welding filler wire method are carried out for 0.2 mm thick TiNi shape memory alloy and TC4 titanium alloy to obtain the microstructure and mechanical properties. The results show that longitudinal cracks are brought out in butt welding, however, the appropriate welding process for manual welding filler wire improves weld forming and avoids cracks. The optimum welding parameters are the power percentage 8%, pulse width of 3 ms, and the pulse frequency of 3 Hz. Moreover, the transition width formed by Ni and TC4 is about 2 μm, and that formed by Ni and TiNi is about 0.5 μm. In the combined surface,transition is relatively weak link connector, the hardness is up to 650 HV with the maximum tensile strength of 332 MPa, and the fracture location occurs near TiNi side by the fusion line.

A new type of hollow ultrasonic motor connected by a screw was proposed to drive an aperture and control and adjust the intensity of the beam. According to the characteristics of a limited angle of rotation for the aperture, the screw was used to connect the stator and the rotor of the ultrasonic motor to apply a pre-pressure to the axial and to implement the circumferential movement of the coupling. The motor is consist of a rotor, a stator and a base and the rotor and aperture were fixed in a setting ring, by which the diaphragm integrated design was realized. The stator modal was analyzed at an operating frequency of 38.26 kHz by using the finite element software. As motor pre-axial movement brings greater pressure changes, the motor has a smaller rotory angle and can not drive the aperture to open or close. To overcome the pre-pressure changes, flexible design of the rotor was performed. Simulation results show that,at default rotation 90 ° range, pre-pressure changers are within 27% of the variation. Tests show that the stator has excellent vibration characteristics,and its interference from work modal is 5 kHz or more; the impedance variation is not more than 10%,and the pressure change has a little effect on the motor.Furthermore, opening time of the aperture is 5 s, and its closing time is 4.4 s. The diameter of the aperture shows a linear relationship with motor run time. The motor meets the demands of aperture adjustment,and is charaterized by simpler structure and a few aparts.

An adaptive sliding mode controller based on Kalman filter was proposed to reduce load torque ripples and the influence of varying system parameters on the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) system. The varying system parameters were evaluated by the adaptive law, and the external disturbance was evaluated by the Kalman filter. The integral action contained in the sliding surface was designed to ensure the steady state error of tracking velocity zero, and the exponential reaching law was employed to increase the reaching speed and to suppress the chattering of sliding mode control. The external disturbance obtained by the Kalman filter was used for feed-forward compensation for the controller output, so the chattering caused by high sliding mode gains was decreased effectively. Experimental results demonstrate that the speed fluctuation is ±1 r/min when the motor reaches the steady state of 600 r/min. Compared with the traditional PI controller, the proposed controller decreases the speed fluctuation by 2% when the torque disturbance of 1.6 N·m is added at the steady speed of 600 r/min. These data verified by simulation and experimental results indicate that the adaptive sliding mode controller based on Kalman filter has anti-disturbance performance and robustness to the AC servo control systems and shows excellent stability.

To improve the wettability of micro channels made of Polymethyl Methacrylate(PMMA) and Polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS), the wettability of PMMA and PDMS surfaces was modified through sputtering silicon dioxide. Firstly, the surfaces of PMMA and PDMS were etched with an oxygen plasma to change their surface morphologies and enhance the roughnesses. Then, a thin layer of silicon dioxide was sputtered on their surfaces for hydrophilic modification and the silicon dioxide layers with different thicknesses were obtained by different sputtering time. The contact angles of the PMMA and PDMS surfaces were measured within a period of time after the hydrophilic treatment, and the effects of hydrophilic modification under different conditions were evaluated. Finally the adhesivity of the modified samples was tested too. The experimental results show that the surface of PMMA after oxygen plasma etching remains extremely hydrophilcity during 10 days via 10 min dioxide sputtering, and the contact angle remains lower than 10° in 35 days with 15 min sputtering. The modified PDMS remains hydrophilcity and the contact angle lower than 60° for 10 days. The aging treatment delays the recovering of the hydrophobicity of PDMS. By silicon dioxide sputtering, the PMMA and PDMS after oxygen plasma etching achieves longer hydrophilic modification efficiency. Moreover, after hydrophilic modification, both modified PMMAs, or pristine PDMS and modified PDMS could be bonded effectively.

To solve the coupling problem between the compensators during the computer-aided alignment of a reduced projection system with primary and secondary mirrors and to select the compensators properly, a computer-aided alignment algorithm based on singular value decomposition of an optical system sensitive matrix was described. An alignment model for the reduced projection system was established, and both of the algorithm and the model were accomplished in the experiment. An aspherical surface figure detected with a null lens was introduced into the CODE V optical model，the analysis of the sensitivity matrix was used to supervise the optimization of the optical system, and the optimized structural parameters were considered as the benchmark of the assembly and positioning of optical and mechanical system. The experiments show that the created system alignment model is closer to the actual alignment process，and efficiently supervises system alignment，solves the coupling problem between the compensators, and accelerates the convergence process. Finally, computer-aided alignment experiment was completed based on a self-developed interferometer with high precision.It shows that the system wavefront error is minished from 46.39 nmRMS to 20.73 nmRMS, which verifies the veracity of the algorithm and the alignment model.

To overcome the shortcomings of traditional lapping and polishing methods in machining large size aspherical hot-pressed zinc sulfide lenses, a machining experiment on hot-pressed zinc sulfide materials was performed by diamond wheel grinding method.. The single-point diamond scratching and orthogonal grinding experiments were carried out to research the ductile regime removal mechanism and subsurface damage during machining hot-pressed zinc sulfide and to obtain optimal machining parameters. The results of micro-indentation experiment show that hot-pressed zinc sulfide materials under a load are easy to produce radial cracks and micro cracks, the toughness value is 2.643842 MPa/m1/2 and the critical cutting depth is 1.808 μm. Based on the results of single-point diamond scratching, it verifies that hot-pressed zinc sulfide is removed in ductile regime at a smaller cutting depth although much kinds of subsurface damage will appear during machining process. The results of orthogonal grinding experiments demonstrate that the depth of grinding is a main influencing factor on surface roughness values, which decreases with decreasing depth of grinding, and the best value is 7.6 nm. The feed rate of the working table influences the surface figure precision PV values mostly, it offers the surface accuracy(PV) between 0.185 μm and 0.395 μm. These results show that the roughness of hot-pressed zinc sulfide surface by grinding has been up to nano level.

The redesign of femoral components for total knee arthroplasty on the basis of digital 3D technology was researched and a femoral component was manufactured by Selective Laser Melting(SLM) technology to meet the demand of high suitability for the total knee arthroplasty in medicine. The 3D femoral model was extracted from the CT consecutive tomographic images of total knee on a patient. The digital 3D anatomy and measurement were performed based on the orthopedist′s operation plan, through which the current commercial component was redesigned. Then, the 3D femoral component after redesign was directly manufactured by SLM technology and the key technologies were discussed, such as process parameters, mechanical properties, spatial position optimization and manufacturing accuracy.Experimental results show that redesigning the 3D model of the femoral component is implemented according to anatomical parameters of the patient′s distal femur and the femoral component is manufactured directly by the SLM.The experiments show the manufacturing time of a single femoral component is 5.2 h, the standard deviation of manufacturing precision is 0.030 mm, and the relative density reaches 99.02%, which are all superior to those of casting standard of ASTM F75( American Society for Test Material). It concludes that the redesign and manufacturing methods based on digital 3D technology are good ways to redesign and manufacture excellent femoral components rapidly and meets the demands of the patients.

According to the requirements of a space diffraction imaging system for large-aperture, weight-lightening and space deployable, a new diffraction optical element, PI photon sieve, was designed and fabricated. Firstly, the design theory of PI photon sieve was analyzed and the design parameters for an amplitude photon sieve were given according to the characteristics and the principle of space applications. Then, the mechanical structure of the photon sieve was designed by using UG software and a PI membrane photon sieve was successfully manufactured by employing micro-fabrication methods including e-beam vacuum coating, photolithography and wet etching. Finally, the diffraction efficiency of the PI photon sieve was measured and the imaging performance was tested. The experimental results show that the diffraction efficiency of photon sieve is 4.916% at the wavelength of 632.8 nm, which is about 73.9% of the theoretical value. For the star testing, by choosing the star hole with a diameter of 10 μm and using a He-Ne laser for the light source, an ideal Airy disc with a diameter of 176.70 μm was obtained, which is very close to the theoretical value, and the error is only 4.04%. For the imaging experiments, the maximum resolution of the photon sieve is measured to be 12.2 lp/mm,which is close to the spatial frequency limit of 14.4 lp/mm. It is shown that the experimental results are generally in agreement with the theoretical results. Comparing with other diffractive elements, PI photon sieve satisfies the application requirement of the primary mirror used in a space telescope for its lighter weight and better imaging performance .

In consideration of the nonlinear friction from changed temperatures of a mechanical servo system, a nonlinear friction modeling related to the temperature change was proposed to achieve high precision friction compensation of the servo system. Firstly, the relationship between temperature and friction was analyzed, and the dependence of the parameters on the temperature in the model was further analyzed based on the modified LuGre model of viscous friction. Then, the single hidden layer BP neural network was used to describe the parameters changed with temperature and to determine the input, output parameters and transfer functions of the neural network . Furthermore, an experiment was designed and parameters of the neural network were obtained by training the neural network, by which the friction model related to temperature change was implemented . Finally, the ability of the model for friction estimation was verified by changing operation conditions. The experimental results indicate that the maximum relative estimation error of the frictional model is less than 2.5% when it is applied under different operation and temperature conditions. The friction model related to the temperature change estimates system friction torques in various operating conditions accurately and satisfies the need of high precision friction compensation.

The X-ray interference lithography (XIL) beamline at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility was introduced. To achieve the beam deflection and optical pathway switch of the beamline, a deflecting mirror system of XIL beamline was designed. The function of the deflecting mirror system was analyzed and its adjusting mechanism, switching mechanism and cooling structure were designed respectively. The key movement of adjusting mechanism was discussed,which is the translating process of a linear motion outside the mirror chamber into a rotary motion in ultra high vacuum.Then, the relationship between repeatability and carrying capacity of the switching mechanism was analyzed, and the strength of precision screw was checked. A cooling structure was designed by integrating a mirror support mode and a cooling mode, and the cooling effect was analyzed by numerical simulation method. The simulated results show that the meridian direction slope error and the sagittal direction slope error of the deflection mirror are about 6.5 rad and 7 rad respectively. The precisions of adjusting mechanism and switching mechanism were tested by a laser interferometer and a photoelectric autocollimator, and testing results show that linear resolution capability of adjusting mechanism is up to 0.2 μm, and the repeatability of switching mechanism satisfies the technical demands.

According to the development requirements of Electroactive Polymer (EAP)-based flexible and intelligent devices, the positive/inversive electro-mechanical properties of an EAP film and its electric power generation were proposed. A carbon nanotube-based flexible film electrode was fabricated on the EAP surface by using electrostatic-induced self-assembly technology, then a flexible sensing device was manufactured. The sensing characteristics for EAP under finger-bending gesture and a pedal touch test were investigated. The morphological observation by a scanning electron microscopy shows the carbon nanotube film to be high strength, dense and random network structures. The measurement of finger-bending gesture illustrates that the output voltage peak is in the range of 1.2-3.7 V under finger-bending angle of 15-90°, and also indicates the high linearity between output voltage peak and finger-bending angle with linear correlation coefficient of 0.9951. Furthermore, experimental result of EAP film device under the pedal touch shows that the output voltage peak is about 1 V with advantages of swift response and good repeatability. This work can provide the theoretic foundation and experimental supports for EAP-based electronic skin and tactile sensors.

A transmitted fluorescence detector induced by a Light Emitting Diode(LED) was established for integrating in a microfluidic cell chip.The detector overcomes the problems of system bulky in larger size,higher energy consumption and low coupling efficiency for inducing optical path, detection zone and fluorescence optical path. The angle for induced fluorescence optical path was designed to be 135°. The exciting light produced by the LED passed through an optical lens, an exciting light filter and a diaphragm aperture with a diameter of 200 μm, and then reached the detection zone of microfluidic chip. The induced fluorescence light and stray light passed through emitting high pass interference thin film filter fabricated at the back of the microfluidic chip, and finally was collected by a photomultiplier(PMT). The performance of the fluorescence detection micro system was verified by using HepG2 hepatoma carcinoma cells as samples. The experimental results show when the working current for LED and the control voltage for PMT are respectively set to be 200 mA and 3.5 V, the output is a peak signal which is obviously distinguished from background noise. 8 peak signals with an average value of 0.7 V are obtained within 250 s, which agrees with that from a fluorescence microscope. It shows the detection system realizes the function of cell counting detection, and is a new technological approach to micro total cell analysis systems.

A piezoelectric printhead was designed and fabricated for Drop-On-Demand(DOD)printing. The formation of a droplet was captured by a CCD camera in the jetting experiment on a droplet jetting platform. The deformation curve of a piezoelectric plate was measured by a laser displacement sensor and it then was inputted into a flow simulation solver to simulate the process of droplet jetting with the methodology of free surface volume of fluid. The results show that the formation time , size and the volume and speed of the droplet simulated are in agreement with that of experiments. In the contrast between the formation process of droplet and the displacement curve of piezoelectric plate, it is found that the main droplet has dripped off the nozzle before the end of a high voltage, which can be used to improve the maximum frequency of droplet jetting by reducing the high voltage time and increasing the damping vibration resistance value of piezoelectric plate. The simulation of droplet jetting can also explain the formation mechanism of additional droplets in the experiment, and can successfully reduce the additional droplet by changing the structure of printhead and the viscosity of forming materials.

To implement the astronomical observation on the moon, the thermal analysis and structure design of a 2D reflection mirror gimbal for the lunar based astronomy optical telescope were performed. The 2D rotary structure of reflection mirror was designed based on lightweighting method to reduce the load mass. Because an external rotor mechanism was used for the vertical shaft, the first order mode of the system along the emission direction was greatly improved. For a larger span in the horizontal shaft, a shaft system with one fixed end and another free end was adopted. Moreover, the clearance of deep groove ball bearings was designed rationally to eliminate the block of the rotary structure caused by temperature changes on the moon. In order to meet the high accuracy ，the reflection mirror gimbal used a worm gear and a step motor to drive the gimbal and to control the machining in a strict technology. In addition, an optics switch was used to achieve high accuracy position and make the accuracy of gimbal be better than 60″。 Experiments show that the first order resonant frequency of the system can reach 81 Hz along the rocket-firing track, the mechanism works well at -25 ℃ to +60 ℃ without stuck phenomenon and its direction accuracy is less than 60″. These results demonstrate that the system is characterized by high accuracy, high reliability and light weight.

The ultraviolet-curing imprinting resist on Si substrates was explored by spin coating method, and the long wave subwavelength structures were imprinted. The surface topography of the coated resist layers was observed by a Laser Scanning Co-focal Microscope (LSCM), and their surface roughnesses(Ra) were tested. The thicknesses of the resist layers were tested by an ellipsometer, then the surface morphology and the structure heights of the imprinted patterns were tested by a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and a Scanning Probe Microscopy(SPM), respectively. Results show when spin velocities are as low as 300 r/min, the resist layers have negligible defects, such as gas bubbles, pinholes and very low Ra, meanwhile, it shows a bad uniformity. The uniformity can be improved by increasing spin velocity, however, the bubbles and pinholes in the resist layers are also increased and cannot be decreased by extending the spin time at elevated velocities. A four-spin-velocity coating method was proposed to eliminate the bubbles and pinholes and obtain the resist layers with high uniformity. The obtained resist layers show the roughness to be 317 nm, lower than that of the Si substrate (324 nm) and its uniformity is 89.17%, mean thickness is 626 nm. These results well satisfy the requirement of UV imprinting of long-wave infrared antireflective subwavelength structures and imprinted patterns have the advantages of good uniformity, integrity, and higher fidelity.

An image restoration method of 2D reconstructed-image of terahertz Gabor in-line digital holography was proposed with combination of Piecewise-contrast-stretching Transformation(PCST) and Patch-based Locally Optimal Wiener (PLOW) filter. The PCST and the PLOW algorithms were introduced, respectively, and the working flow of the combined PCST-PLOW algorithm was given. The denoising for a real 2.52 THz reconstructed-image of digital holography was executed, and each step of the image processing was compared. The effect of the PCST on the image enhancement was analysis, in which the starting point and the end point of the nodes were dependent on a histogram and an image average value. The results of treatment on the real terahertz reconstructed-image show that the global standard deviation of the denoising reconstructed-image of 40-frame averaged hologram rises from 0.184 9 to 0.307 4, and the ratio of the mean value to standard deviation rises from 1.720 8 to 2.268 8. These results demonstrate that the proposed method has suppressed image noise, while improving image contrast.

To reduce the complexity of encoding depth video and to improve the efficiency of encoding depth video, a depth video fast encoding algorithm was proposed by utilizing the consistency of the complexity of depth video texture. Firstly, the mode complexity in different areas was analyzed. The complexity factor of a macroblock mode was defined, and the depth video was divided into two kinds of areas, simple area and complex area, by using the factor. Then, the distribution of macroblock mode of depth video and the correlation characteristics of macroblock mode selection were analyzed in detail to provide a theoretical basis for the proposed algorithm. Finally, a fast selection algorithm for depth video macroblock mode was implemented based on different encoding strategies from the simple area or the complex area. Experimental results show that the algorithm can save 65.57%-92.72% encoding time while maintaining the encoding rate-distortion performance and the quality of virtual view. Furthermore, more encoding time can be saved in the condition of low bit rate. Therefore, this algorithm is more effective under low network bandwidth limitations.

For the requirements of space target detection for image registration, an observation image registration algorithm based on Fourier-Mellin trans-form and Speed Up Robust Feature(SURF) transform was proposed. The transform model, feature detection, feature matching and the matching accuracy related to the algorithm were all discussed. Firstly, the Fourier-Mellin transform was used to calculate the rotation angle, the image to be matched was reversely rotated according to the integer angle of the image. Then, the SURF was used to detect the matching feature points between two images. Finally, the floating point rotation angle and offset were calculated with the least square method. The sum of integer angle and floating point angle is an actual rotation angle of the image to be matched . Furthermore, the relationships between SURF feature point detection and image size, DoH response threshold and scale space decompose layers were analyzed. The experimental results show that the Root Mean Square Error( RMSE) of rotation angle estimation is 0.0077°, and the average value of RMSE of 50 groups of star centroids is 0.1353 pixel. The algorithm can meet the requirements of space target detection.

As the image enhancement algorithm of NonSubsampled Contourlet Transform(NSCT) domain has to adjust its parameters manually and can not enhance images adaptively, this paper proposes an adaptive image enhancement algorithm by combining histogram equalization with NSCT domain enhancement. The algorithm firstly performs the histogram equalization to the original low-contrast and noisy image. Then, it conducts the NSCT decomposition on the original image and the histogram equalized image to obtain the low frequency subband coefficients and a series of the high frequency directional subband coefficients. In the low frequency subband, the transform coefficient histogram of the original image is mapped to that of the equalized image. In each high frequency subband, the transform coefficient histogram of the original image is mapped to that of the equalized image after threshold denoising. Finally, the enhanced image is obtained by reconstruction of the modified NSCT coefficients. Experimental results show that the enhancement of the proposed algorithm is superior to that of classical histogram equalization method. As contrasted with Contourlet transform enhancement in two group of images, its evuluation function EMEE(Measurement of Enhanement by Entropy) values increase by 24.05%, 16.97%, 13.29% and 20.63% , respectively, which corresponds to that of NSCT non-adaptive enhancement(selecting optimal parameters manually) well. Moreover, this algorithm does not need manual adjusting parameters, and is characterized by good adaptability and practicability.

A new Active Disturbance-rejection Controller(ADRC) based on a current loop was proposed to improve the isolation degree of disturbance for an aerial photoelectrical stabilized platform. First, the structure diagram of a dc torque motor was simplified to a first-order model by the current loop to avoid the influence of noise from the parameters on disturbance observation values. And then, based on bandwidth parameterization, an extended state observer and the control law with disturbance compensation were designed. Finally, an experiment was performed to test the disturbance rejection performance of the ADRC at the speed disturbance from 0.1 Hz to 2.5 Hz and to compare with the traditional square lag-lead compensation method. Experiment results show that the ADRC can reduce the disturbance error by 6.56 dB at least. The isolation degree of disturbance is improved obviously when the perturbation frequency is more than 0.5 Hz, and the best isolation degree of disturbance is increased by 12.03 dB. Moreover, the ADRC have strong robustness, allowing the range of system parameters to change in 15%. In conclusion, the ADRC based on current loop satisfies the performance requirements of aerial photoelectrical stabilized platforms and has higher practical values.

For bad real-time ability and poor accuracy rate of the monocular obstacle avoidance algorithm for quad-rotor helicopters in practical engineering applications, a new monocular obstacle avoidance algorithm based on Pyramid Lucas-Kanade optical flow and moving optical flow was proposed and the mathematical derivation process of the algorithm was given. The algorithm was established and implemented on a ArduCopter quad-rotor helicopter equipped with a 320 pixel×240 pixel camera and many experiments was done to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm. In the process of vehicle autonomous flight, the vanishing points were used for navigation and a neural net PID was used to control flighting adaptively. As compared with the monocular Synchronous Location Mapping(SLAM) obstacle avoidance algorithm, Horn-Schunck optical flow obstacle avoidance algorithm and the image segmentation obstacle avoidance algorithm, the proposed algorithm shows better real-time ability and accuracy rate, and can meet the requirements of obstacle avoidance in real time for quad-rotor helicopters.

To establish a higher performance guide star catalogue, the advantages and disadvantages of existing guide star catalogues were analyzed, a reasonable division method for guide star catalogues was proposed. Following the principle of block space solid angle “Quasi Uniform Distribution”, the method divided the celestial sphere into some sub blocks in a sequence by using a space solid angle corresponding to certain region of the celestial equator for a reference, so that a more uniform distribution of guide star catalogue was achieved. By taking a space solid angle corresponding to the 15°×15 °as an example, the simulation experiment was performed and the results show that the changed scope of maximum sub block and minimal block is 22.86%, the Root Mean Square(RMS) value is 0.0603, and the uniformity is better than that of the inscribed cube method when the space solid angle “quasi uniform distribution” algorithm is used. The proposed method lays a foundation for the rapid generation of star chart and selection of guide star in identification and simulation star chars.

The spatial resolution of a sub-pixel imaging system can be improved by increasing temporal and spatial sampling frequencies of detectors. However, the data collected by detectors are prone to aliasing and the resolution of reconstructed image is far away from the ideal value. In this paper, an algorithm of super-resolution reconstruction was proposed based on sub-pixel imaging achieved by three linear array detectors. Firstly, an interpolation model on high-resolution grid was established. Then, blur kernels in an image with high-resolution were identified in linear array and scanning directions respectively, from which the blur kernel in a frame was obtained. Finally, a gradient smoothing regularization model with Neumman boundary conditions was employed to deblur and inhibit ringing effects. Experimental results show that the system resolution of sub-pixel imaging by the proposed algorithm is 2.6 times that of non-oversampling imaging system of a single linear detector, and the Gray Mean Grade ( GMG) is improved by 7.71 as compared to that of the bilinear interpolation algorithm. The algorithm can achieve super-resolution reconstruction for sub-pixel imaging systems with more linear array detectors and can obtain a higher system resolution.

To recognize and detect a rectangle rapidly and accurately, an image collection system was established and a rapid detection algorithm for rectangles was proposed based on Harris corner detection algorithm. First, the L-shaped corner points were selectively recognized from all kinds of corner points in the detecting image by improving the traditional Harris corner detection algorithm, and the position accuracy of corner points was promoted by sub-pixel post-processing. Then, according to the obtained high-precision angular position information, some parallel straight line segment pairs with equal length were grouped and the perpendicular parallel line segment pairs with four overlap corner points were matched, by which the four sides of a rectangle were obtained. Furthermore, all the rectangle elements were detected in the processed image. In order to improve the accuracy and reliability of the rectangular recognition algorithm, the identifying criterion of the pseudo rectangular graphic elements was provided. Finally, the sensor performance testing experiments were carried out. Experimental results indicate that the rectangular recognition speed of Harris corner point algorithm is 8.5 times faster than that of Hough algorithm, and the rectangular image recognition maximum position error is 0.4 pixel. The Harris corner rectangle detection method has strong anti-interference capability and stability and can meet the high real-time and precision detection requirements of industrial application.

The calibration of industrial cameras usually uses circular points as control points. However, there is asymmetric projection in the calibration, so that the calibration results have errors. In order to avoid the introduction of asymmetric projection error and to correct the error in an iteration form , this paper proposes a new camera calibration method by utilizing the asymmetric projection of circular centers. Firstly, the theoretical coordinate of the projection ellipse center from a circular point on the planar pattern was deduced , then the center coordinate of actual ellipse for the image of a calibration board was extracted and the projective transformation matrix was obtained by using nonlinear least square method. Finally, the camera intrinsic parameters were obtained by using all projective transformation matrixes. Experimental result reveals that the re-projection error of the calibration result of Baumer TXG12 industrial camera is just about 1/50 pixels by using proposed method. The method can complete the calibration at a time and is able to meet the precision requirement of industrial measurement in simpler calculation and higher accuracy .

In view of the influence of continuous changeable orbit heights and satellite velocities on elliptical orbit on the space TDI CCD camera imaging, a vector map analysis method was proposed to calculate the time varying image motion of the elliptical orbit. Through establishing different coordinates, the satellite velocity and target velocity generated with earth self-rotation were transformed from original coordinate to TDI CCD camera image plane coordinate. By taking a critical regression elliptical orbit as an example, the image motion velocity vectors which affect TDI CCD camera imaging and data readout frequencies were calculated. Finally, a three-axis air flotation turntable attitude simulation system and a TDI CCD camera were used in experiment to verify the vector map analysis method. The results show that during one period of satellite on critical regression elliptical orbit, the values of drift angle, image motion velocity and target movement speed are separately -3.76°-3.22°, 0.1673-0.72 mm/s, and 19.12-82.24 pixels/s according to equivalent parameter law. The image collected can satisfy the resolution of the 1-2 pixels, which proves that vector map analysis method is accurate on computing image motion velocity, which is able to provide reliable basis for space TDI CCD camera imaging on the elliptical orbit.