The Yunnan section of the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway, serving as a significant emblem of China’s modern railway heritage, embodies a century of historical memory and cultural integration value. However, with the decline in railway functions, numerous stations along the route encounter various challenges, including damage to the heritage, degradation of the ecological environment, and loss of vitality in surrounding settlements. The comprehensive protection of the entire line proves challenging and necessitates a judicious evaluation of each station settlement, accompanied by the development of systematic, stratified preservation strategies. In response to this practical need, this study, grounded in the theory of cultural routes, examines sixty station settlements along the Yunnan section of the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway. It develops a multi-dimensional evaluation model encompassing heritage, environment, and socio-economic systems. Employing comprehensive evaluation methods, it categorizes these settlements within a four-tier protection framework and analyzes the interaction mechanisms between systems using a coupling coordination degree model. The results indicate that the coupling coordination degree of first-and second-tier station settlements exceeds 0.7, significantly surpassing that of third- and fourth-tier station settlements. This demonstrates a positive feedback loop involving heritage protection, economic development, and environmental enhancement. Based on these findings, this study advocates differentiated protection strategies and collaborative mechanisms. Regarding protection strategies, diverse measures such as conservation, revitalization, maintenance, and control are employed for station settlements at various levels. Concerning collaborative mechanisms, a networked protection pathway, comprising “ first-level leadership – second-level support – third-and fourth-level linkage”, is established to facilitate coordinated development among station settlements, thereby fostering heritage safeguarding and regional sustainable development.

In recent years, railway heritage has increasingly gained prominence in the study and conservation of industrial heritage. However, due to China’s extensive territory, railway heritage is dispersed across wide regions as large-scale industrial facilities, posing significant challenges in acquiring comprehensive information and understanding its relationship with urban development on a macroeconomic level. From a macro perspective, this paper examines China’s railway heritage through the application of geographic information systems. It employs kernel density analysis, standard elliptic difference and gravity center analysis, as well as nearest proximity index analysis. The foundational data are derived from railway heritage included in the national key cultural relics protection units, China’s Industrial Heritage Protection List, and China’s 20th century architectural heritage. The factors influencing the formation of railway heritage in China are analyzed utilizing the geographical detector model. The findings indicate that: (1) The spatial distribution of railway heritage in China is predominantly clustered. (2) The overall developmental trajectory of China’s railway heritage can be categorized into three stages: from the northeast to the central regions, from the central to the southern regions, and ultimately from the south to the western regions. (3) The spatial differentiation of railway heritage in China is affected by various factors, with population density, per capita Gross Domestic Product, and urbanization rate exerting the most significant influence. These findings offer valuable insights for the preservation and reutilization of China’s railway heritage.

The cultural landscape in rural station settlements on the Chinese Eastern Railway (C.E.R.) is a typical representative of the cultural landscape along the C.E.R.. Still, it has been under severe conservation pressure in recent years. To achieve the holistic conservation of the C.E.R. rural heritage, this research explores spatial differences from two perspectives: the interior of the built environment of the settlement and the relationship between the built environment and natural space, focuses on the production-living-ecology space and analyzes the spatial characteristics and evolution mechanism of the cultural landscape through combining sDNA spatial network analysis and viewshed analysis. The results show that rural station settlements initially covered multiple landscape areas, and the mountain landscape has remained the core ecological feature throughout their evolution. The early production and living spaces were concentrated in the settlement, forming a layout feature known as “one line and two groups”. Under the influence of rural society, the current production space has shifted to the agricultural space outside the settlement, while the settlement space has become primarily a residential area. In terms of spatial attributes, contemporary spaces have better traffic connectivity; in terms of visual relationships, historical spaces are more closely related to natural spaces. On the surface, the historical space and contemporary space of the cultural landscape of rural settlements along the Middle East Railway are separated and do not expand according to the historical pattern, reflecting the different choices of local planning ideas and foreign planning ideas.

The Jinpu Railway, as a significant conduit for contemporary north-south transportation in China, preserves distinctive memories of industrial civilization through its Yellow River Bridge and Luokou Station remains. Confronted with the challenges of safeguarding and revitalizing railway heritage amidst urban renewal initiatives, this study concentrates on the dual aspects of physical space restoration and cultural value reconstruction. It proposes a collaborative regeneration strategy of “low intervention activation+scene empowerment”. Through value analysis, the multidimensional value of heritage in history, technology, social culture, and ecological landscape has been revealed. This analysis has also diagnosed the practical difficulties of functional inactivation, spatial fragmentation, and memory discontinuity. Based on this, by systematically preserving the texture of historical buildings, implanting bridge piers and corridors to connect embankment spaces, transforming abandoned railway tracks into a cycling greenway network, innovatively transforming red brick warehouses into railway cultural exhibition halls, and using railway relics and digital technology to construct immersive narrative scenes, linear greenways are used to connect railway sites, station nodes, and the Yellow River ecological belt, effectively realizing spatial empowerment, narrative reconstruction, and ecological stitching, forming a composite regeneration system that enhances transportation accessibility, visualizes historical memory, and strengthens ecological services. Based on the principle of minimal intervention, the strategy effectively balances the contradiction between protection and development, transforming industrial heritage into urban public spaces where citizens can read historical textures, experience the spirit of the place, and participate in functional growth. It provides a systematic solution for the transformation of railway heritage through “catalytic effect-driven, functional module-embedded, and value-level regeneration”, expanding the theoretical connotation and practical paradigm of industrial heritage activation and utilization.

The suspension of Yunnan’s narrow-gauge railways has led to spatial decay at stations and their surrounding regions, accompanied by cultural fragmentation and economic stagnation, underscoring the pressing need for context-specific strategies to conserve railway heritage and facilitate adaptive reuse. These strategies aim to advance holistic heritage preservation and foster sustainable socio-spatial development along the railway corridor. Focusing on the Gejiu-Bisezhai-Shiping Railway, a frontrunner in Yunnan’s railway heritage revitalization, this study proposes three typological conservation and revitalization models through empirical investigations: (1) Dual urban rehabilitation model for resource-depleted industrial cities (Gejiu station): leveraging urban functional retrofitting and ecological restoration, this approach repurposes decommissioned stations into commercial hubs and lakeside greenways, reactivating regional economic dynamics while elevating urban spatial performance. (2)Railway heritage cultural park model (Bisezhai station): centered on heritage integrity conservation, this framework synthesizes cultural-tourism assets with community co-creation mechanisms, generating immersive cultural consumption landscapes that drive regenerative development of rural settlements. (3) Heritage railway tourism operation model (Jianshui-Shiping section): reactivating discontinued rail lines through heritage-themed sightseeing trains, this model catalyzes integrated territorial development by spatially reknitting stations, urban-rural clusters, and natural landscapes, achieving visitor flow optimization and high-quality cultural tourism industrialization. Spanning heterogeneous geomorphological and socio-economic zones, Yunnan’s narrow-gauge railways demand differentiated conservation protocols. Through a critical analysis of implementation efficacy and refinement strategies across these three models, this research constructs a transferable framework for revitalizing other railway segments in Yunnan and provides methodological references for activating railway heritage nationwide.

The tourism industry is integral to the region’s economic development, and the spatial distribution characteristics of tourism resources have emerged as a key area of research for regional tourism planning and development. Based on the tourism resource POI data in Kaiyuan City, Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province, this study employs various spatial analysis techniques, such as the nearest neighbor index, geographic concentration index, and kernel density analysis, using ArcGIS 10.6 software to examine the spatial distribution characteristics of tourism resources in relation to the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway. The research results indicate: (1) The western part of the Kaiyuan section has more tourism resources than the eastern part, showing an overall distribution trend from northwest to southeast, with a spatial pattern of “one axis belt, one key center, and multiple secondary centers”.(2) The spatial distribution of tourism resources is clustered, mainly concentrated in flat terrain, convenient transportation, and economically developed areas. (3) Tourism resources mainly include natural landscapes, historical heritage, modern cultural attractions, and other cultural landscapes, with railway-related tourism resources accounting for 13.5% of the total. The spatial distribution of tourism resources in Kaiyuan City shows a clear clustering effect, and this study can provide valuable reference for local tourism resource integration and comprehensive tourism planning.

The rapid development of cities and the arrival of the post-pandemic era have brought widespread attention to public health issues. At the same time, the continuous deepening of the national fitness policy has led to an increasing demand for fitness facilities among residents. As a crucial spatial link in high-density residential areas, improving the service efficiency of community greenways is essential for promoting national fitness behavior. This article selects the Guashan Future Community Greenway in Gongshu District, Hangzhou City, as a research case and collects service evaluation questionnaires from greenway users through questionnaire surveys and field surveys. Descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, quantitative analysis, and other methods are employed to examine the behavioral characteristics of users and assess the services. The results indicate that there are significant differences in the activities carried out by users of different ages on greenways, and the preferences of the 18～29 age group for various activities are more balanced and diversified. The age of users is negatively correlated with their frequency of using greenways; There are significant differences in the frequency of greenway usage among users with different residential areas and the time required to reach the greenway, and both are positively correlated; The evaluation of future community greenway services in Guashan is rated as “good”, with the lowest scores in terms of green visibility rate, utilization rate of key population activities, and density of peripheral traffic stations on the greenway. Finally, based on the above research results, explore the optimization strategies for Hangzhou community greenways to support national fitness.

For understanding of the contradiction between living environment development and biodiversity protection, there are a variety of simulation data evaluation method is used to identify urban biodiversity enrichment area and sensitive area, studies show data InVEST model and real data MaxEnt model method can make up for the shortage of each other, to verify the above, this study selects typical mountain city, Hangzhou lin’an area as the research object, using simulation data InVEST model method and real data MaxEnt model method of lin’an habitat quality and birds potential suitable environment comparison evaluation, and using geodetectors to identify the key factors within them. The results showed that the areas seriously overestimated, overestimated, normal, underestimated, and seriously underestimated were 233.9 km2, 2 307.7 km2, 438.1 km2, 39.4 km2, and 2.4 km2,respectively. The climate single factor was relatively significant, and the interaction between climate factors and environmental factors was more significant. Through comparison, it was also found that the results of the two models differed significantly. The simulated data from the InVEST method greatly overestimated the mountain urban habitat quality and the potential suitable environment for birds; the real data from the MaxEnt model method showed that the potential suitable living environment for Lin’an birds was relatively poor.

Enhancing soundscape comfort is crucial to improving noise pollution in scenic areas and enhancing the tourists’ outing experience. However, few studies have been reported on the application of combining audio-visual attributes with objective ambient sound pressure levels to improve the comfort of the acoustic environment in scenic areas. Based on this, this study takes the tourists’ perception perspective as the entry point. It conducts on-site monitoring and surveys among tourists at 20 experimental sites within Huagangguanyu Park in the West Lake Scenic Area, collecting a total of 300 valid questionnaires. The aim is to explore the influence of soundscape perception dimensions (sound environment, perceived scene, and perceived subject) on soundscape comfort. The research concluded that: (1) Low ambient sound pressure levels do not necessarily correlate with elevated assessments of sound comfort. (2) 59.2 dB represents the critical threshold in the relationship between sound comfort and its influencing factors, and this benchmark holds significant reference value for the management of the acoustic environment within the scenic area. (3) Through the construction of the regression model, the role of each contributing indicator in the audio-visual interactions on the sound comfort has been effectively revealed. (4) Individual characteristics of the tourists (gender, climatic background, education level, and frequency of visit) have a significant effect on the perception of sound comfort. Based on these findings, a sound environment improvement strategy is proposed to provide a scientific basis and practical guidance for optimizing the sound environment in Huagangguanyu Park and the West Lake Scenic Area.

Night scenery is a new way to showcase the unique charm of classical gardens, and in recent years, related tourism projects have emerged in multiple cities. However, there are still shortcomings in current research on the public perception preferences of night landscapes. The “Zhuozhengwenya” night tour project in Suzhou Humble Administrator’s Garden was selected as the research object. A quality evaluation system was constructed using methods such as SBE, SD and measurement of lighting environment. The quality of the nighttime landscape in Humble Administrator’s Garden was analyzed through a photo collection, field measurements, a questionnaire survey, and SPSS analysis. The results indicate that the public has a high aesthetic tendency towards plots with rich garden elements, a sense of hierarchy, and novel forms; The public’s preference for night landscapes in three types of classical garden spaces is in the order of courtyards, corridors, and interior buildings; The regression model shows that the beauty level is 0.648 times the aesthetic perception factor of the night landscape and 0.520 times the attribute factor of the night landscape lighting. This study constructed an indicator system for evaluating the quality of classical garden night landscapes and obtained a regression model for scenic beauty based on the public perception preferences. Optimization suggestions were proposed for the nighttime landscape quality of Humble Administrator’s Garden, focusing on aspects such as lighting settings and nighttime scene perception, to provide a reference for the development and improvement of other classical garden nighttime landscapes.

The texture of Rockery carving, serving as a key element in conveying the shape, color, texture, and form of rockeries, functions as both a focal point and a challenge in rockery construction. Moreover, it reflects essential techniques in stone stacking. Given the limited theoretical research on traditional rockery carving techniques in Hangzhou and the damage to rockery textures caused by natural weathering, improper restoration, and overgrown vegetation, this study employs 3D digital technology to develop digital models of the Huanglong Cave and Jiangzhuang rockeries. The quantitative analysis of texture complexity, contour complexity, and texture richness revealed the following results: Texture complexity Jiangzhuang (4.475) > Huanglong Cave (3.731); Contour complexity Huanglong Cave (1.247) > Jiangzhuang (1.203); Texture richness Jiangzhuang (0.173) >Huanglong Cave (0.106). Based on these results, the study identifies key construction techniques influencing the morphology of traditional Hangzhou rockery textures: The use of “concealment” and “risk creation” techniques enhances spatial expression, while “standing peaks” and “circular stacking” improve the formation of stone peaks and hole structures, amplifying the texture’s visual impact. Organizational patterns such as “horizontal-vertical interlacing” and “circular-curve interdependence”help guide visual perception, emphasizing texture morphology and enhancing the overall composition of the rockery. This study aims to distill the characteristics of traditional Hangzhou rockery carving techniques and provide theoretical references for the restoration of Hangzhou’s rockery heritage and contemporary stone stacking practices.

The Dianchi and Erhai Regions, as representative areas of Yunnan’s plateau lake regions, have historically exemplified urban construction imbued with the landscape wisdom of “Shan-Shui City”. Current research on their traditional landscapes remains insufficient and warrants further development. This study investigates traditional landscapes through the analysis of historical documents, focusing on the origins landscape culture, spatial construction, and aesthetic presentation. The findings indicate that plateau lake environments exhibit centripetal and isolating characteristics, with changes in water bodies significantly influencing settlements. Han and Buddhist cultures have historically contributed significantly to shaping the regional landscape philosophy and aesthetics principles of the Dianchi and Erhai Regions. Cities such as Yunnanfu and Dali, distinguished by their mountain-back and water-facing layouts, exemplify profound emotional connections between humans and the land. The “Kunming’s Eight Sceneries” and “Taihe Sixteen Sceneries” demonstrate the harmonious integration of mountains, water, and urban elements. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating mountains, water, and urban areas as a foundational principle of development. It also proposes that landscape tourism can facilitate the reestablishment of human-land relationships through experiential engagement. This research enriches the understanding of landscape achievements in southwestern China and offers valuable insights for the advancement of modern “Shan-Shui City”.

Based on remote sensing images from 2020 to 2021 and ground surveys, this study aims to analyze the categories, quantities, and spatial distribution of small and micro wetland resources with Fengxian District, Shanghai. The total area of small and micro wetlands in Fengxian District is 713.58 hm2, including reservoirs, canals/river, and aquaculture farms/planting ponds. Among them, the area of aquaculture farms/planting ponds is 374.3 hm2, the maximum amount, accounting for 52.54% of the total area. In the patchy structure, as the plaque size increased, the proportion of quantity and area of micro wetland followed a polynomial trend, mainly with the plaque size of 1～4 hm2. Each town has its own emphasis on the quantity and distribution of small and micro wetlands. The higher the urbanization rate, the smaller the area of small and micro wetlands. Based on the survey results, local protection strategies are proposed from four key aspects: optimizing the living environment, enhancing the rural environment, developing ecotourism, and conserving biodiversity. These suggestions can support the protection and utilization of regional micro and small wetlands.

Urban Park green spaces serve as essential ecological foundations within urban ecosystems, with their spatial habitat structure playing a pivotal role in sustaining biodiversity, delivering ecosystem services, and improving landscape connectivity. However, existing habitat classification methods often suffer from limited identification accuracy, insufficient ecological indicative capacity, and poor alignment with practical management applications. Addressing these challenges, this study proposes a multi-source remote sensing-based habitat identification approach tailored to urban park green spaces, integrating both technical pathways and ecological applicability. Using six representative urban parks in Shanghai as case studies, the method integrates spectral index analysis derived from multispectral imagery, canopy structure extraction from LiDAR data, and manual interpretation of orthophotos. This approach aims to develop a hierarchical and multi-scale habitat classification system that comprehensively encompasses features from land cover to vegetation structure. A total of 14 typical urban habitat types were identified, with an overall classification accuracy of 0.843 and a Kappa coefficient of 0.830, indicating strong consistency in classification and ecological relevance. Further analysis revealed significant differences in habitat composition and spatial configuration among the parks, reflecting their unique landscape structure characteristics. This study not only achieves technical integration and innovation in urban remote sensing classification workflows but also establishes interpretative links between habitat types and ecological processes. The proposed approach provides a spatially explicit pathway to support urban ecological management. It can be applied to various fields, including urban ecological monitoring, assessing the functions of green spaces, and planning habitat optimization. It provides a case-based contribution to the adaptation of remote sensing ecological methodologies in urban contexts.

The escalating severity of the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon and the occurrence of exceptionally high-temperature events have garnered increasing attention within the discipline of landscape architecture concerning how ecological design can effectively enhance urban microclimates and human thermal comfort. As a significant element of urban green space systems, bamboo forests exhibit considerable ecological regulatory potential; however, their microclimatic impacts and capacity to improve thermal comfort have not yet been comprehensively quantified. From the perspective of regulating services within ecosystem service frameworks, this study focuses on urban bamboo forests located in the northern section of the Sanlin wedgeshaped green space in Shanghai. Based on in situ observations conducted under high-temperature and high-humidity summer conditions, two composite thermal comfort indicators, Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) and Heat Index (HI), were utilized to comprehensively evaluate the microclimate regulation effects of various bamboo species, namely Phyllostachys edulis, Phyllostachys vivax, and Phyllostachys viridis. Additionally, the study compares the differences between bamboo and non-bamboo communities, as well as between interior and edge spatial structures. The findings indicate that, in comparison to non-bamboo communities (including bare land, grassland, and mixed forest), bamboo stands notably decreased air temperature by 1.5~3.0°C and elevated relative humidity by 6%~10% during periods of midday heat, thereby effectively enhancing thermal comfort (with WBGT decreased by 2~3 units and HI decreased by approximately 3~4 units). Interior bamboo zones exhibited stronger microclimate regulation effects than edge zones, confirming the presence of an edge effect. Among the three bamboo species, P. viridis and P. edulis demonstrated the best performance. Their dense canopy structure, high Leaf Area Index (LAI:3.7~4.1), and low gap fraction (≤22%) significantly enhanced microclimate regulation (e.g., WBGT reduction by 2~3 units and humidity increase by over 6%). In contrast, P. vivax showed weaker regulatory ability, likely due to its lower leaf area index and higher canopy light penetration. This study provides a scientific foundation and practical reference for optimizing bamboo resource allocation in urban afforestation projects and for the high-efficiency design of ecological services in future urban green spaces.