Lasers have a wide range of applications, including applications in industry, medical care, scientific research, information technology and military, etc. Nevertheless, laser induced potential damages to human bodies must raise concerns. They mainly damage human eyes and skin. In extreme cases, they can cause permanent damages. After introducing the classification of lasers, this article summarizes the safety standards and damage thresholds of lasers based on domestic and foreign literatures in the past years, as well as the diagnosis, protection, and treatment of laser injuries to the human body. The aim is to provide assistance to relevant scientists in preventing and treating human laser injuries.

Human glycolipid transport protein (GLTP) is a key protein that regulates the transport of different types of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) into and out of the cytoplasmic membrane of the organism. Studies have shown that in cervical cancer (CC), GLTP may regulate the immune status in the tumor microenvironment through the interface between macrophages and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, exerting an oncostatic effect and being able to prognosticate the survival of CC patients, with the potential to be a therapeutic drug target, whereas the specific mechanism of action of GLTP in CC has not yet been reported. In colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, the upregulation of miR-196b directly targets GLTP mRNA to downregulate its protein expression level, and the overexpression of GLTP can induce necrotic apoptosis in some CRC cells by interfering with cell cycle progression and sphingolipid metabolism, suggesting that GLTP is expected to be an important target and prognostic marker for precision therapy of CRC. Furthermore, GLTP has been demonstrated to regulate the resistance of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) gefitinib via the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)/miR-196a/GLTP pathway, its expression level has been shown to correlate with tumor grading and patient survival. GLTP may serve as a novel biological marker and therapeutic target for NSCLC cells resistant to TKIs. In conclusion, the role of GLTP in various types of tumors is of great clinical value and is expected to provide new directions for clinical treatment and prognosis assessment of cancer.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by severe metabolic disarray in patients. This disruption not only affects glucose metabolism but also alters the composition of the native gut microbiota. Current research indicates that the gut microbiome of T2DM patients is distinctive, with dysbiosis being closely associated with insulin resistance, pancreatic inflammation, and the development of microvascular and macrovascular complications related to diabetes. This review aims to delve into the molecular mechanisms by which the gut microbiota and their metabolites influence the onset and progression of T2DM. It emphasizes the role of beneficial and potentially harmful bacteria in disease development and provides a detailed discussion on the impact of key metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), secondary bile acids, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These metabolites affect intestinal barrier function, systemic inflammation, and the maintenance of glucose homeostasis through various signaling pathways. Through these analyses, the review seeks to offer new perspectives and strategies for the prevention and treatment of diabetes. It hopes to contribute to the clinical management of the disease by modulating gut microbiota balance and intervening in metabolite production, thereby delaying the progression of diabetes and reducing the incidence of complications, potentially providing new targets for clinical therapy.

Glabridin is a flavonoid compound characterized by diverse biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, and antibacterial activities. This study aimed to investigate the antiviral potential of Glabridin against influenza A virus (IAV), specifically focusing on the H1N1 strain. The qRT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and plaque assays were employed to evaluate the in vitro antiviral effects of Glabridin on H1N1. Furthermore, network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses were employed to predict the mechanisms underlying Glabridin antiviral action against IAV. The results revealed that Glabridin inhibited H1N1 virus replication in a concentration-dependent manner and exhibited significant antiviral activity (P<0.05). Pharm Mapper, Swiss Target Prediction database and Genecards database were further utilized to screen the intersection targets of Glabridin on IAV infection, and 161 overlapping targets were finally selected. R software version 4.3.1 was used to perform gene ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses on these 161 overlapping targets. The results indicated that the overlapping targets were primarily implicated in processes such as the positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity, the MAPK cascade, and the modulation of inflammatory responses. Moreover, these targets were enriched in various signaling pathways, including Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection and the Rap1 signaling pathway. Venny software and String database were employed to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the above-mentioned 161 overlapping targets, and a total of 10 potential core target proteins including SRC, EGFR, ESR1 were screened out. And the binding energies of Glabridin to all potential core targets were lower than -5.00 kcal/mol, indicating a high binding affinity. The results of this study indicated that Glabridin exhibits significant in vitro antiviral activity against the H1N1 virus, and its mechanism of action has the characteristics of multi-target, multi-pathway and multi-link regulation, which provides a reference for the elucidation of important functional proteins and the action mechanism of Glabridin against IAV.

This study aims to explore the biocontrol effects of tobacco root exudates and their components on Myzus persicae. The composition of tobacco root exudates was identified and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technology, and their contact toxicity against Myzus persicae was evaluated. The results showed that a total of 63 compounds were detected in tobacco root exudates at different growth stages and under different extraction solvents. These compounds mainly included hydrocarbons (21 types), lipids (10 types), phenols (6 types), and organic acids (5 types). As the growth period of tobacco increased, both the variety and relative content of compounds in the root exudates significantly increased. On the 20th day after transplanting, 30 and 14 compounds were identified using dichloromethane (DCM) and ethyl acetate (EAC) as extraction solvents, respectively. By the 40th day, the number of compounds increased to 54 and 33, respectively. DCM extracted the highest number of compounds, especially hydrocarbons, while EAC extracted more organic acids and lipids. Tobacco root exhibited significant toxicity and inhibitory effects against Myzus persicae, with insecticidal effects increasing as the mass concentration of exudates and the duration of treatment increased. When the mass concentration of tobacco root exudates reached 5 g/mL, the mortality rate of tobacco aphid treated for 24 h was more than 88.53%. Among the tobacco root exudates extracted by the two reagents, the toxic effect of DCM extraction was superior to EAC. Additionally, diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), a component of the tobacco root exudates, also demonstrated good contact toxicity against Myzus persicae, with a corrected mortality rate of 88.04% after 48 h at a mass concentration of 1 g/mL. The corrected mortality rate increased with higher mass concentrations. This study showed that tobacco root exudates and their components had significant contact effects on Myzus persicae, and the results provided scientific basis for the development of plant protection agents of tobacco root exudates and the application of green control strategies such as tobacco planting.

In this paper, a specific identification method for human nail fold based on polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography is presented. This method can be used to quickly and accurately identify the microstructure and determine the structural state of nail and surrounding skin tissue. Images of polarization parameters and curves of corresponding parameters as a function of depth of tissue guided by the theory of multiple polarization parameters are obtained based on the polarization optical coherence tomography system; on the basis of fully analyzing the theoretical model of multi-polarization parameters of tissue and image data, polarization parameters with high sensitivity to different parts of tissue are determined and selected; the degree of correlation between different polarization parameters with clear physical significance and the microstructure of nail and surrounding skin tissue is revealed. Finally, marking parameters for locating nail plate, monitoring parameters of the status of nail plate and identifying parameters of boundaries between nail plate and nail bed are defined. These are the meaningful set of parameters for distinguishing the human nail fold from the surrounding structures. These results can be used to assist doctors to complete the large-scale monitoring of nail and surrounding skin tissue and the efficient identification and analysis of small-scale microstructure.

The EGR1 protein encoded by early growth response factor 1 (egr1) belongs to the Cys2-His2 type zinc finger protein family. Previous studies have demonstrated its critical roles in animal growth, development, reproduction, and immune processes; however, its function in craniofacial development remains unreported. In this study, we utilized in situ hybridization to identify the specific expression of the egr1 gene in the head region of zebrafish during early cartilage development. To elucidate the function of EGR1 in this context, we employed CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to generate egr1 knockout zebrafish and analyzed their phenotypes. Alcian blue staining revealed abnormalities in craniofacial cartilage development in egr1–/– mutant embryos, including deformities in Meckel's cartilage and ceratohyal, as well as disarray in the opercular and branchial regions. Our findings demonstrated the critical impact of egr1 gene deficiency on early craniofacial cartilage development in zebrafish, offering valuable insights into the pathogenesis of cartilage-related diseases and potential therapeutic strategies.

Seeds of leguminous plants often exhibit physical dormancy due to hard seededness, yet the impact of their seed coat constituents on germination remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of seed coat extracts from two important leguminous species, Caragana korshinskii Kom, and Cajanus cajan L., on rice (Oryza sativa L.) seed germination. Rice seeds were germinated on substrates containing seed coat extracts of C. korshinskii or C. cajan at mass concentrations of 0.05 g/mL and 0.10 g/mL, respectively, with distilled water (H2O) serving as the control. Germination indices were statistically analyzed, and physiological parameters — including malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide anion (O2–) levels, antioxidant enzyme activities, and related gene expression — were measured in rice embryos after 48 hours of imbibition under different treatments. The results demonstrated that seed coat extracts from both leguminous species inhibited rice seed germination, with C. korshinskii exhibiting significantly stronger suppression than C. cajan. Compared to the H2O control, embryos treated with seed coat extracts showed elevated MDA and O2– levels, with higher accumulation observed in the C. korshinskii treatment. Antioxidant enzyme activities and related gene expression were significantly suppressed in the C. korshinskii group, whereas the C. cajan group displayed mixed responses, suggesting incomplete inhibition of the antioxidant system. In conclusion, differences in the composition of seed coat constituents between C. korshinskii and C. cajan may lead to varying degrees of suppression on the antioxidant capacity of rice embryos during germination, resulting in differential oxidative damage and ultimately affecting seed germination. The underlying regulatory mechanisms require further investigation. This study provides a scientific basis for elucidating the physiological mechanisms by which seed coats influence seed germination.

Aeromonas spp. are highly pathogenic bacteria that can infect various aquatic animals, their infection risk can be increased under ammonia nitrogen and nitrite stress. The use of probiotics for water quality regulation and biocontrol is highly recommended for its non-toxic, residue free, and non-drug resistant properties. The antagonistic Bacillus spp. was screened using fish pathogenic Aeromonas spp. as indicator and their degradation effect on the water samples with excessive ammonia nitrogen and nitrite was tested. Morphological observation, physiological and biochemical identification, and molecular biology were used to identify the species. The skin sensitivity test and the immersion attack and infection method were used to detect its biosafety. The single factor and orthogonal experimental methods were used to optimize the sporulation medium and fermentation conditions. In addition, the fish pathogen toxicity protection test and the in-situ pond water quality regulation test were also used to evaluate the potential of the strain in aquaculture. In this study, a strain of Bacillus D34 with obvious inhibitory effect on Aeromonas spp. was identified as Bacillus velezensis, which could effectively degrade ammonia nitrogen and nitrite from different sources of pond water. Moreover, D34 had no infectious effect on the skin of mammals and was safe for the grass carp fry, its optimized sporulation medium and fermentation conditions were as follows: yeast maceration powder 5.0 g/L, raw soybean meal 15.0 g/L, sodium chloride 10.0 g/L, magnesium sulfate 8.0 g/L, fermentation time 48 h, temperature 30 ℃, inoculum amount 5%, rotational speed 220 r/min, under these conditions, its spore production rate and spore quantity reached 96.5% and 2.03×109 CFU/mL respectively. D34 microbial agent had significant protective effect against Aeromonas veronii infection on the summer fry of grass carp and good in-situ regulation effect on the pond water quality with serious nitrite overload, the nitrite degradation rate reached 91.7% in 24 h. Our results showed that Bacillus velezensis D34 has the potential for both biocontrol and water quality regulation as well as good biosafety, providing new microbial resources for the research and development of green and environmentally friendly aquatic microecological agents.

To investigate rapamycin's effect on high-glucose induced podocyte injury and its related mechanism, human glomerular podocytes (HGPC) were cultured in vitro. The cells were divided into control group, model group, rapamycin group, inhibitor group, rapamycin + inhibitor group and rapamycin + activator group. Podocyte morphology, tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), interleukin-1 (IL-1) levels, cell proliferation rate, apoptosis rate, NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), cysteine aspartate protease-1 (Caspase-1) mRNA, protein and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) pathway key protein expression levels were observed. Compared with the control group, the cell arrangement was loose, the cell septum increased, and the cell proliferation rate decreased in the model group (P<0.05), and the levels of TNF- and IL-1, apoptosis rate, NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1 mRNA and protein, and p-p38 MAPK protein increased (P<0.05). Compared with model group, the above cell states and indexes were improved in rapamycin group and inhibitor group (P<0.05). Compared with the rapamycin group, the above cell status and indexes were further improved in the rapamycin + inhibitor group (P<0.05), whereas the opposite was observed in the rapamycin + activator group (P<0.05). Rapamycin can improve the morphology of high glucose induced podiocytes by inhibiting p38 MAPK signaling pathway, promote cell proliferation, inhibit cell apoptosis, inflammatory release and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, could provide reference for the study of diabetic nephropathy.