The tumor microenvironment comprises a multifaceted ecosystem encompassing a dynamic interplay between malignant cells, non-neoplastic counterparts, extracellular matrix constituents, and intricate microbial communities. In particular, microorganisms have established a pervasive presence within tumor masses, exhibiting a marked predilection for distinct spatial niches. The intricate amalgamation of their composition and multifaceted functional profiles assumes a commanding role in orchestrating the intricate ballet of tumor genesis and advancement. In this comprehensive review, we endeavor to illuminate the intricacies of intratumoral microbiota, unraveling the intricate molecular mechanisms that underpin its profound influence on the initiation and relentless progression of neoplastic growth. By doing so, we unveil a panorama of novel perspectives that hold promise in revolutionizing both diagnostic paradigms and therapeutic modalities for tumors.

Non-invasive laser irradiation can induce photobiomodulation of cells and tissues. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is widely used, especially in antimicrobial infection and improving inflammation. However, studies have found that PBM has a bidirectional regulation of bacteria and inflammation. Antibacterial and pro-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory will change under different experimental conditions. In recent years, the clinical applications of PBM have received more and more attentions, especially in the field of antibacterial, because it is a noninvasive strategy with few contraindications. However, due to the bidirectional regulatory effect, researchers still have doubts about the application mode of PBM, and the parameters such as light wavelength and dose must be modified according to its clinical application. Therefore, this paper summarizes the bidirectional regulation effects of PBM on bacteria, and analyzes the influencing factors and molecular mechanism of this bidirectional regulation effect. The bidirectional regulation effect of PBM on bacteria is affected by light wavelength, dose, bacterial category and bacterial state. A better understanding of the degree of bidirectional dose-response in low-intensity laser therapy is necessary to optimize clinical treatment. It can also help explore the most reliable mechanism of PBM use and ultimately standardize the treatment of patients with various diseases. In addition, rational use of the bidirectional regulation mechanism of PBM can promote or inhibit the growth of bacteria, which has broad application prospects in the fields of microbial manufacturing, flora regulation, improvement and treatment of diseases.

Photobiomodulation (PBM) as an adjunct method for the treatment of oral mucosal diseases has developed rapidly. It is through the absorption of photon energy by cells, produce photochemical effects, and thus regulate a variety of biological processes to achieve therapeutic purposes. In this paper, the four aspects of reducing inflammation, accelerating tissue healing, relieving pain and bidirectional dose of PBM are reviewed, and the mechanism of their action is deeply discussed in order to provide clinicians with better clinical decision and basis for the treatment of oral mucosal diseases with PBM therapy.

The retina is highly susceptible to abnormal changes due to laser accidents, central nervous system or retinal degenerative diseases, which can seriously threaten visual function. There is still no well-developed repair mechanism for mammalian retinal damage, and MG cells, the “stem cells” of the retina, cannot enter the cell cycle spontaneously, and MG cell transdifferentiation-related signalling pathways and regulatory factors play a crucial role in reprogramming the MG genome. Gene editing treatment of the retina enables the production of large numbers of neurons from MG cells in the damaged mammalian retina, replenishing damaged neurons and restoring vision. Gene editing therapy uses vectors such as adenovirus and lentivirus to introduce exogenous genes into the body to regenerate damaged retinal neurons. The advent of gene therapy holds the promise of achieving repair in a single treatment, as opposed to traditional drug treatments that require long-term medication. This article reviews the current status and problems in the application of gene therapy for retinal repair, the signalling pathways regulating optic nerve regeneration, and the future trends of gene therapy for retinal repair. In the future, gene editing therapy will bring profound changes to the research of optic nerve regeneration and repair, and bring a new dawn to the treatment of retinal diseases.

The ADGRF3A protein, encoded by the adgrf3a gene, is a member of the family of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) and is mainly expressed in embryos at 5 days after fertilization and in the head and gonads of adult zebrafish. It contains a GPS proteolytic site and seven transmembrane structural domains that interact with G proteins to perform its function. Zebrafish is a model organism for studying physiology and pathology during early development and adulthood. In order to study the role of adgrf3a in early zebrafish development, an adgrf3a knockout zebrafish line was constructed using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Firstly, the knockout site of the gene was screened out by using analyzing software, and the guide DNA (sgDNA) was amplified by using polymerase chain reaction, next the guide RNA (sgRNA) was obtained by in vitro transcription and then the sgRNA and the Cas9 protein were co-injected into the zebrafish 1-cell-stage embryos. Then, the effectiveness of gene editing was tested, and the results showed that the injected embryos had base deletions, indicating that the gene knockout was successful. The F1 generation of zebrafish resulting from crosses between chimeras and wild-type zebrafish were genotyped, screened for adgrf3a mutant heterozygotes, and their adgrf3a mutant alleles were subjected to Sanger sequencing to determine the establishment of adgrf3a knockout lines. Subsequently, the adgrf3a mutant heterozygous zebrafish were self-crossed to obtain adgrf3a mutant homozygous zebrafish. As observed and imaged by stereomicroscopy, the adgrf3a mutant zebrafish did not show a phenotype significantly different from that of the wild type. However, whether the development of tissues and organs in vivo is altered needs to be further verified. The establishment of this knockout line lays the foundation for exploring the role of adgrf3a in early development and pathology.

In this study, electron beam and γ-ray were used to mutagenize Lecanicillium attenuatum 3166, and the absorbed dose suitable for mutation breeding of Lecanicillium attenuatum and the biological characteristics of the mutagenized strain were studied. The results showed that the optimal dose for electron beam and γ-ray mutagenesis of Lecanicillium attenuatum was 200 Gy, the electron beam D10 value of Lecanicillium attenuatum was 191 Gy, and the γ-ray D10 value was 366 Gy; eight mutant strains were screened and obtained with spore production rate as the index. Among them, the hypha growth and spore production rate of five strains significantly increased compared with the parent strain, which were all obtained by electron beam mutagenesis. The spore production rate increased by 30.45%, 31.55%, 23.66%, 64.83% and 68.77% respectively compared with the parent strain. The extracellular chitinase activity of the mutant strain reached the peak after five days of culture, and the chitinase activities of mutant strains Ⅱ111, Ⅱ164 and Ⅱ181 increased by 29.29%, 54.45% and 19.18% respectively, compared with that of the parent strain. The chitinase activity of mutant strain Ⅱ164 reached 1 707.41 U/mg prot; the extracellular protease activity reached its peak after 7-day culture, and the protease activities of Ⅱ111, Ⅱ164 and Ⅱ181 were significantly increased by 17.98%, 13.17% and 16.50% respectively as compared with those of the parent strain, wherein the enzyme activity of Ⅱ111 could reach 30.71 U/mg prot, and the growth rate of the mutant strain had a strong correlation with the extracellular enzyme activity. This study provides a theoretical basis for the follow-up pest control, development and utilization of Lecanicillium attenuatum.

The study used myocardial tissues of 10 forensic FFPET patients and the samples were prepared into films. The DNA was extracted using xylene-Chelex100 method, dewaxing solution-Chelex100 method, dewaxing solution-Vazyme FastPure FFPE DNA Isolation kit (abbreviated as FP kit) and dewaxing solution-Beijing Tiangen paraffin-embedded tissue genome extraction kit (abbreviated as Tiangen kit), and determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometer for concentration and purity, and short tandem repeats (STR) typing test (23 autosomes). The extraction quality, STR typing quality and detection rate of FFPET in four different extraction methods were compared and analyzed to find an efficient, simple, economical, practical, and convenient method. The results showed that for the quality of extrated DNA, the concentration of DNA extracted by two Chelex100 methods were higher than the two test kits, and the purity of DNA extracted by the kits were superior to that of the other two methods. The differences were statistically significant (P0.05). For the quality of STR typing and detection rate, STR typing generally shows the imbalance of amplification between different loci and different alleles of the same locus, with the former being higher and the later lower. The average detection rate of STR was in the order of: FP kit >Tiangen kit>Chelex100 method. There were no significant difference in the detection rates of STR loci between the two Chelex100 methods (P>0.05), whereas there were significant differences between them and the other two methods (P<0.05). There was a significant difference between the FP kit and Tiangen kit (P<0.05). Therefore when dealing with difficult samples such as formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues in forensic DNA identification cases, the dewaxing solution-Vazyme FastPure FFPE DNA Isolation kit was superior to the other three DNA extraction methods.

PX domain containing serine/threonine kinase (PXK) is a multitissue, broad-spectrum expressed gene that plays an important role in immune-related diseases. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between PXK and the development of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) by using bioinformatics methods in multiple databases. The UALCAN database was utilized to conduct an online analysis of PXK expression in various subtypes of AML. LinkedOmics was utilized to analyze the correlation between the expression level of PXK and the clinicopathologic features of AML. The Kaplan-Meier Plotter database was used to analyze the mRNA expression of PXK in AML and to evaluate the effect of PXK on survival in AML. PXK interacting protein network and expression correlation were analyzed by String and GEPIA databases. The correlation between PXK gene and tumor infiltrating immune cells was analyzed by quanTIseq algorithm, and “xCell” R package was used to analyze the correlation between PXK gene expression and multiple immune checkpoints. PXK and its co-expressed genes were functionally enriched in the Metascape database to anticipate their biological roles. The findings revealed that PXK was highly expressed in various cancer tumor tissues when compared to normal tissues, and the expression level of PXK in AML was significantly up-regulated, which had an effect on the clinicopathological features, survival rate, and prognosis of AML patients, whereas the prognosis of AML patients with high PXK expression was better. PXK is highly expressed in AML tissues and is closely related to the initiation and progression of AML, which may be one of the important indicators for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis evaluation of AML.

Based on bioinformatics analysis, a prognosis-related prediction model was constructed to explore the relationshipbetween copper death-related LncRNA and gastric cancer (GC) in immunity and prognosis. RNA sequencing and clinical dataof gastric cancer patients were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, copper death-related LncRNAwere screened based on co-expression analysis, and a copper death-related LncRNA risk prediction model closely related to theprognosis of gastric cancer patients was constructed by LASSO regression and multivariate Cox regression analysis, and the riskscores of all gastric cancer patient samples were calculated. The prognostic prediction performance of the model was confirmedby Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, regression analysis and ROC curve, and the correlation between risk score and pathway enrichmentanalysis, immune infiltrating cells, immune checkpoint genes, somatic gene mutations and anticancer drug sensitivitywas analyzed. The results of differential expression analysis showed that the expression of LncRNA HAGLR in tumor tissueswas upregulated. The expression of LncRNA HAGLR in cancer tissues and paracancerous tissues in 69 patients with radicalsurgery was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The qRT-PCR results showed that the expression of HAGLRin gastric cancer tissues was upregulated compared with adjacent tissues, and was significantly correlated with tumor size, thedepth of invasion, clinical stage, degree of differentiation and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). The prognostic model constructed from copper death-related LncRNA has high prognostic value and is significantly related to the heterogeneity of immunecell infiltration, and has certain clinical value in predicting the effect of immunotherapy and guiding the selection of chemotherapydrugs in patients.

In order to study the clinical characteristics of diquat poisoning patients and evaluate the related factors and molecularmechanism of brain injury in diquat poisoning patients, this study collected 56 patients with diquat poisoning and dividedthem into a brain injury group of 14 cases and a non-injury group of 42 cases based on their brain injury status during hospitalization,and compared the baseline data and laboratory indicators of patients between the two groups. The study analyzed therelevant factors of brain injury in diquat poisoning patients using logistic regression, and used receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve analysis to compare the predictive value of the above related factors alone or in combination on the brain injurystatus of diquat poisoning patients. The grouping comparison results showed that body mass index (BMI), diquat cation poisoningdose, the proportion of mechanical ventilation, and the proportion of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in thebrain injury group were significantly higher than those in the non-injury group (P<0.05) . The serum biochemical indicatorsthe brain injury group such as S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCR) after admission and the white blood cell (WBC) count,neutrophil count, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) at 24 hours after poisoning were significantly higher than those in theuninjured group (P<0.05) . A method of univariate regression followed by multivariate regression analysis was taken to analysethe variables with significant differences in group comparison, and the results of regression showed that the 24-hour NLR afterpoisoning has certain independent predictive value for the brain injury status of patients with diquat poisoning. The comparisonresults of ROC curve analysis further indicated that when NLR at 24 hours after poisoning was combined with BMI and the diquatcation poisoning dosage, or NLR at 24 hours after poisoning was combined with BMI and the concentration of diquat in theblood before hemoperfusion, a higher predictive value can be obtained for the brain injury status of diquat poisoning patients.The increase of 24-hour NLR level after diquat poisoning is significantly correlated with the increase of brain injury, which canbe used as an independent predictor of the occurrence of brain injury during hospitalization, and when 24-hour NLR is combinedwith BMI, diquat cation poisoning dose and blood diquat concentration, a higher predictive value of brain injury eventscan be obtained.