An improved composite control algorithm to improve the pointing accuracy of a Acquiring,Tracking and Pointing(ATP) system in a satellite platform was presented for controlling a fast-steering-mirror to reduce the beam jitter. The advantages of the composite control combined an adaptive feedforward algorithm and a PID feedback algorithm were analyzed according to the two algorithms’ characteristics. Then,the convergence problem of direct composite control of two algorithms was analyzed and solved by introducing a new algorithm,decoupling composite control using decoupling theory. Finally, the algorithms referred above were experimented and compared. Experimental results indicate that,in the experiment conditions, the control accuracy of the decoupling composite control algorithm is nearly 10 times better than that of the classic PID control algorithm and 3 times better than that of the adaptive feedforward algorithm,respectively.It concludes that the decoupling composite control algorithm combines the merits of two algorithms and can reduce the beam jitter better.

On the basis of symmetry of optical systems, the effects of several kinds of complex pupil constructions on an incoherent synthetic aperture imaging optical system were analyzed and compared. Firstly, the two-dimensional Point Spread Function(PSF) and two-dimensional Modulation Transfer Function(MTF) were used to analyze the complex pupil optical system, and it is concluded that the symmetry of complex pupil distribution has effects on the symmetries of PSF and MTF. Then, for practical pupil distribution, the two-dimensional PSFs and MTFs of the common synthetic aperture optical systems as follows, Golay3, Golay4,JWST and GMT, were given by optical design software Zemax and Matlab, and the symmetry of the systems was compared by combining the spatial distribution of MTF. Obtained results indicate that JWST and GMT synthetic aperture systems developed recently show 30 and 9 MTF symmetric axes ,respectively, which is obvious higher than 3 MTF symmetric axis of a common Golay3 construction. Moreover, their MTF distribution is more reasonable. These results demonstrate that the good symmetry of pupil distribution has a better imaging for the incoherent imaging optical system with a complex pupil.

To improve the sensing characteristics of a Fiber Bragg grating(FBG) temperature sensor with a Ni coating , the causes of the hysteresis error and the difference of sensitivities when it was heated and cooled were researched. Results indicate that the residual stress induced by electroless-electroplating makes the sensor imprecise. The mechanism of the residual stress was discussed, then a heat treatment method was proposed for the metallized FBG(MFBG) with a nickel coating. In treatment, the MFBG sensor was put in a drying oven at 120 ℃ for 8 hours three times,and every time it was cooled with the oven. A comparison experiment for the MFBG with the nickel coating was performed in 100-300 ℃,results show that the hysteresis error of the sensor is 6.64%, and the difference of sensitivities when it is heated and cooled is more significant before the heat treatment. The sensor characteristics are not be amended even if it is performed temperature cycle again after half a month. However, the hysteresis error of the sensor is descended to 3.62%, and the sensitivities of the MFBG when it is heated and cooled are 22.84 pm/℃ and 22.76 pm/℃,respectively, after the heat treatment. The experiments demonstrate that with a higher sensing accuracy, the working range of the MFBG with the nickel coating has expanded to 300℃ after effective heat treatment.

The reflectivity of a Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) was optimized to improve the output characteristics of a 980 nm Vertical-cavity Surface-emitting Laser (VCSEL) array.The relationship among the reflectivity of N-DBR, threshold current, output power and wall-plug efficiency was analyzed.Then, the reflectivity of N-DBR was adjusted to achieve higher slope efficiency in a relative low threshold current and to improve the overall output characteristics of the VCSEL array.After N-DBR reflectivity optimization, the developed VCSEL array including 64 elements can offer a CW output power of 2.73 W under the injected current of 6 A and a pulse output power of 115 W under the pulse drive current of 130 A,a pulse width of 100 ns and a repetition frequency of 100 Hz. Furthermore,the VCSEL array including 300 elements can provide a CW output power of 5.26 W under the injected current of 18 A. It concludes that the performance of VCSEL array has been improved by N-DBR reflectivity optimization.

A novel spherically bent crystal analyzer was developed based on the X-ray Bragg diffraction theory to study and diagnose the distribution, stability and the shape of a plasma of pellet implosion in the Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF). The key component of the crystal analyzer is a spherically bent α-quartz crystal with a radius of 143.3 mm. The spherically bent α-quartz crystal was used to carried out a monochromatic X-ray backlighting imaging experiment in the Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics(CAEP). The clear two-dimensional monochrome X-ray backlighting image of a chrome target was obtained on an imaging plane of 40 mm×30 mm. By analyzing the spectral information of a sagittal direction in the experiment, it is demonstrated that the spherically bent α-quartz crystal shows his spatial resolution to be 83.3 μm and it could be used for research of the monochromatic X-ray backlighting imaging.

As conventional phase shifting interferometers can not test the wavefront aberration from a large diameter and long optical path system accuracely, a new commonpath shearing interferometer is designed to elimnate the system error introduced by the standard wavefront. The new design takes an agglutination prism consisting of a triangular prism and a rhombic prism as a shear device to produce interference by the wavefront under-test with its replication. A group of different relative aperture lens switching devices are used to control the shearing ratio of the shearing interferometer. Compared with the data from 4D dynamic interferometers under different temperature conditions,it shows that the repeatability of designed shearing interferometer is about λ/80 and the accuracy of root mean square is better than λ/80(λ=630 nm). The design of the commonpath shearing interferometer greatly reduces its dimension and weight and also improves the experiment efficiency for long optical path interference measurement.

To realize the large-scale and high-precision displacement measurement, a new method based on a virtual detector was described according to the basic principles of traditional laser triangulation method. The CCD subsection measurement was used to enlarge the measuring range and to implement the displacement measurement. Three independent CCDs were distributed uniformly along the optical axis and a plain reflected mirror was regarded as the virtual detector.When the beam image was reflected by the plane mirror, the beam was imaged by CCDs. The designed system is equivalent to that a CCD is added, therefore, the measuring range is enlarged. Furthermore,the collimator filter is composed of a collimation system, a polarizer and a diaphragm. It shortens the diameter of the image spots on the photosensitive surface of the detector,and reduces the influent of unideal optical spots on the measured surface on the measuring accuracy.The high-precision measurement of large displacement is achieved. The results are in agreement with the experimental observation.

An overlapping Y loop element Frequency Selective Surface(FSS) based on traditional Y loop elements was designed to delay the high harmonics of FSS in a working band and to achieve the single-pass band filter.By using the spectrum domain approach, the new element was analyzed and compared with the traditional Y loop elements.The affect of different incidence angles on the center frequency , -3 dB bandwidth and the limitation ability for the high harmonics under TE and TM incidence waves was discussed. The results show that the new element FSS owns the good stability under different incidence angles and polarizations. In the same resonant frequency of 17.6 GHz,the overlapping Y loop element possesses the narrower bandwidth than Y loop element, and its high harmonics delays for 6.5 GHz. When the length of the arm grows from 2.78 mm to 3.18 mm, the center frequency descends from 17.6 GHz to 14.1 GHz; When the width of the arm grows from 1.1 mm to1.5 mm, the center frequency rises from 17.6 GHz to 20.6 GHz and the bandwidth is widened at the same time.Furthermore, when the space between the elements increases from 7.2 mm to 8 mm, the bandwidth narrows down from 4.5 GHz to 3.5 GHz with a stable center frequency. The overlapping Y loop element FSS was tested in a microwave darkroom.By comparing with a calculation, the measured curve is good agreement with the calculated one.Obtained results show that the overlapping Y loop element can delay high harmonics in good stability for incidency angles and polarizations and provides a new idea for achieving the single-pass band filter in the working band.

To obtain ideal 3D dimensional displays with crosstalk reduction, this paper researches how to arrange the elemental image and to match it with the reconstructed micro-lens array when a three dimensional scene is recorded by a camera array. The principle of integral imaging is analyzed and design parameters such as the pitch of elemental image, pitch and the focal length of the micro-lens array are studied. On the basis of the analysis , the optimum design parameters are given. Two conditions are discussed respectively when the elemental images are placed within and beyond the focal point of the micro-lenses. When the elemental images are placed at the focal plane, a virtual and real reconstructed image can be obtained simultaneously. The imaging quality is compared in above conditions. It is noted that the less crosstalk and larger depth of the focus can be seen while the elemental images are placed at the focal plane. The conclusion can provide a direction for arranging images and 3D reconstruction when the camera is used to capture a larger scene.

According to the 30.4 nm radiation properties of the earth’s plasmasphere, an earth’s plasmaspheric extreme ultraviolet imaging method based on the moon was researched for the first time. The technical parameters of the extreme ultraviolet imager used in the lunar surface were determined, and its field of view is 15°, angular resolution is 0.1° and the entrance pupil area is larger than 70 cm2 . By combining a single spherical multilayer mirror and a spherical microchannel plate photon counting imaging detector, the extrame ultraviolet imager was designed.The ray tracing of designed extreme ultraviolet imager with multilayer optics was also performed. Results show that the radii of the blur spots are 0.210, 0.204, 0.204, and 0.207 mm respectively at 0, 3, 5, and 7.5°, which are basically identical at different field of views. In woking on the lunar surface, the imager has a vision scope of 15.0 RE to cover the main body of the earth’s plasmasphere and a spatial resolution of 0.10 RE that can reveal the main details of the earth’s plasmasphere. It provides a high quality imaging method for the observation of earths plasmasphere.

In order to arrive a new compensation mode that reduces the dependence on design experience for a zoom lens, a way for power allocation and compensation is proposed. Taking the group space as initial parameters, we can determine the corresponding power allocation and actions of each component. This method helps to reduce the difficulty of power allocation and provides different ways to find the new compensation mode. In order to test the feasibility of this method,we use a three-component zoom lens for the same target with four different moving modes.The experiment results indicate that an all-movable mode is the optimum mode and theoretical results approach this optimum.

A new method called compression and setting round was proposed to replace the mechanical expanding to reduce the ellipticity and increase the compressive strength of large pipes. The compression and setting round by mold was completed by a upper die and a lower die whose cavities could be closed to a whole round. In order to reduce the springback, the within and outside walls of the pipe must be compressed into the plastic deformation, namely, the compression rate must be sufficient. In this paper, the small curvature plane bending theory of curved beam was used to analyze the compression and setting round of the pipe. The springback equation of the compression and setting round was deduced to express the relationship between the curvature radius of any poin on cross-section center line after springback and the initial geometric parameters, material properties and the compression rate of the pipe. After a compression experiment,the ellipticity is less than 0.12%,which fully meets the technical requirements of line pipes for 0.5% to 1% in practice. Furthermore,the relative ellipticity deviation of theoretical analysis and experimental results is less than 0.09% and the relative geometric size deviation is less than 0.19%. Experimental results verify that the springback equation of compression and the setting round method have important application values.

A novel air-breathing micro Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) was designed and fabricated by taking Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene(ABS) as a basic material and the stainless steel plate as a current collector.The current collector was fabricated by using micro wire cutting and laser cutting technologies,and its surface was sputterd onto a layer of Au to avoid the electrochemistry corrosion and to reduce the contact resistance. Methanol transport was analysed by the anode model of micro DMFC and then the micro-DMFC was tested at different operating parameters. By comparing with the conventional structure, both results show that the novel anode structure is more suitable for the application of high methanol concentration because of high resistance to methanol transportation and low methanol crossover. It is revealed that this micro-DMFC can work steadily at a high methanol concentration of 7 mol/L and a slow velocity of 0.1 ml/min and it is also meaningful for the future applications due to the advantages of low weights and mass productions.

A disturbance compensation scheme based on a piezo-electric steering control system was presented,for the vibration of a satellite platform seriously impacted the tracking and pointing accuracy in space optical communication. A mathematical model for the piezo-electric steering system was built. Then,an adaptive controller based on an improved Least Mean Square(LMS) filter was designed, and effect factors on optimal step length choices were analyzed. For the problem of signal phase delay, an adaptive delay filter was designed not only to compensate the phase delay, but also adaptively to adjust the input signal phase to increase its convergence rate without adding the step length. Finally, a verifying experiment was performed.The results show that the remained errors after compensation are μrad magnitude and the compensation factor is over 85%.These results prove that this control scheme is valid and feasible.

In order to explore machining characteristics of the soft abrasive flow field in a structured mold surface, the Single Dynamics Model(SPD) was applied to the solution to the motion characteristics of particles in different types of turbulence fields numerically. By taking a U-shaped flow passage for an example, the velocity and pressure of fluid in a two-phase soft abrasive flow field were solved by using the N-S equations,a Realizable k-ε model of turbulence and the SIMPLEC method. Then the velocity, locus and the density of particles in the two-phase field were also obtained by the SPD model. The results are that when the initial fluid velocities are 5, 10 and 20 m/s, the particle deposition is the largest for the first case. When the particle diameters are 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mm, the first value causes the particle deposition to be most obvious. In turbulence fields with different viscosities,the water, gas-oil and engine-oil show similar two-phase soft abrasive flow characteristics. It concludes that the initial velocity of the fluid field and the diameters of particles have more severe effect on the moving characteristics of particles,and the viscosity of the fluid influences them the least.

An optical-structural-thermal model was built to analyze the thermal stability of an optical-structural system in the Fizeau interferometer. The analyzing process of the model, random distribution of environment temperatures, and the optical performance of the system were researched. Firstly,a random model for environment temperatures was built based on the thermal control system, and the thermal distribution and deformation of the optical-structural system were computed. Then, the surface forms and curvature radii of the optical component were fitted with the Zernike polynomial,and the fitted optical system was analyzed with the optical software. Finally, a random model to indicate the relationship of optical performance and temperature was built and the thermal stability of the main frame in the interferometer was discussed through analyzing the random model. Results indicate that the repeatability of the optical-structural system is 0.016%λ under believable level of 2σ when the temperature is (22±0.1)℃, which satisfies the requirements of the Fizeau interferometer for stability.

To increase frequency bands and the applicability in vibration environments, a piezoelectric generator consisted of multi-vibrators was presented. The output performance of the piezoelectric generator connected with vibrators in different methods (direct serial/parallel-connection, serial/parallel-connection with rectifiers) was studied theoretically and experimentally. The research results show that the piezoelectric generators connected with vibrators in serial/parallel through rectifiers achieves higher output voltages and wider frequency bands than those connected with vibrators directly. Moreover, the serial-connection piezoelectric generator takes advantages over the parallel-connection one in output voltages and frequency bands. A piezoelectric generator consisted of three cantilevers was fabricated and tested with the vibrators connected in different ways. With the output voltage beyond 10 V, the individual frequency bands of the three unconnected cantilevers are 143.1-148.1 Hz, 160-166.2 Hz and 173.1-184.3 Hz, respectively. However, the total frequency band for output voltage beyond 10 V is extended to 141.8-190 Hz as the cantilevers are connected in serial with rectifiers.

A thermal control system for a high-power CCD space camera was designed, including a thermal test of the focal plane assembly for resolving the heat dissipation problem. First, the thermal design scheme of the CCD was examined,where the heat produced by the CCD was transferred to the cold source through a heat pipe. Then a thermal test of focal plane assembly was planned with the simulated cold source specially designed. Finally, the thermal test of focal plane assembly was performed in a vacuum to simulate its space environment and structure characteristics. The results show that the working temperature of a 10 W high-power CCD space camera can be kept below 35 ℃ when it has been working for 70 min continuously and has a 12 ℃ cool source.The thermal design of the CCD focal plane assembly for the space camera is feasible and acceptable.It can be used as a reference for the mode correction of focal plane assembly thermal analysis.

A decoupled-sense-mode z-axis micromachined gyroscope is presented. The sense mode is restricted to be only one degree of freedom for vibration, which restrains the effect from the drive mode and reduces the undesired sense mode bias. Using double masses allows both matched natural frequencies and decoupled modes. A U-shaped beam is utilized for meeting the requirements on the degrees-of-freedom of the drive and sense modes. In order to create a high-aspect ratio structure, a Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE) process is used to achieve a larger proof mass, reduce the thermomechanical noise floor and provide high sensitivity. The area of the fabricated gyroscope is 2 100 μm×2 100 μm, with a thickness of 60 μm. The gyroscope is vacuum-packaged for a high mechanical quality factor. Measured results show that the drive and sense mode quality factors are 2 000 and 1 800, respectively, and the thermomechanical noise floor is 3.76 ( °)/h·Hz-12. The scale factor is 21 mV/(°)·s-1 in a range of ±200 (°)/s, with a full-scale nonlinearity of 1.426 %FS. The bias drift is 0.057 9 (°)/s over a 1 h measurement period.

A novel measurement scheme for the stabilization accuracy of a Line of Sight(LOS) in an electro-optical imaging system on a moving carrier is proposed. The principle of optical measurement for LOS stabilization accuracy is briefly introduced, and the optical design of an autocollimator with a large field of view and a detection algorithm for the light-spot position are investigated.The autocollimator is used to test orientation changes of the LOS which is represented by a mirror fixed on the frame of the electro-optical imaging system.A high-speed CMOS camera for the collection of images and an algorithm for image registration based on Phase-only Correlation (POC) are employed to detect sub-pixel level displacement of light-spot images by calculation of the normalized cross-power spectrum between pairs of images. The scheme has been used in the LOS stabilization accuracy measurement system, and a calibrating experiment is set up using a Leica theodolite. The experimental results show that the RMS error of the angular measurement is less than 2 μrad when the field of view is ±1° and the sampling rate is 500 frame/s. The dynamic measurement can meet the system requirements of a larger field of view and a greater precision.

To extract the laser stripe center of a rough metal surface accurately, an extraction method based on light cutting was presented. Firstly,the noise source of an image was analyzed by the image morphology, then the noise was converted into a granular shape while the continuous feature of an effective laser-stripe was still kept through an image enhancement processing.The noise and the laser-stripe were segmented by counting the connected areas of the image, and the denoised binary laser-stripe image was taken as a mask to be multiplied by the original image to recover the gray scale information of the laser-stripe image. Finally, the denoised laser-stripe center of the gray scale image was extracted with a barycenter method. Experimental results show that the laser-stripe centers extracted with the proposed method all locate in the laser-stripe region. The average error of the center extraction of a much-noised straight line laser-stripe by this method can reach 0.337 5 pixels.

The relationship between the vibration of a space camera and its Modulate Transfer Function (MTF) degeneration is investigated. A suitable limitation for a satellite platform is developped through this research. Mathematical modeling of a vibrating MTF is calculated based on a vibration moment method.The MTF curve can be deduced from the vibration functions or curves. The vibrating MTF calculations uses Graphic User Interface (GUI) to develop an software for some space cameras. MTF values under sinusoidal vibrations contain random noise and are calculated with different amplitudes and frequencies.Requirements of the satellite platform vibration is that the angle amplitude of vibration must be less than 0.05″, and the vibration frequency should not be more than 200 Hz. MTF degeneration caused by random vibration is analyzed by simulation to relate image quality degeneration with MTF vibration. Image analysis for the MTF shows good agreements with the MTF calculated by the vibration model.

To automate present Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) systems, an intelligent method based on incremental clustering for solder joint inspection is proposed in this paper. Firstly, to meet the demands of practical production, the framework for an intelligent AOI system is designed. Then, all the defects of solder joints are classified into several different types according to their appearances, and the color features in critical regions are extracted. The samples in each class are clustered into several subclasses so that the system is able to inspect solders from different batches. Finally, a new incremental clustering algorithm is proposed. The AOI system can automatically adjust inspection parameters according to the feedback from the repair station. To improve training efficiency, only a few samples are selected. The method proposed is used in an AOI to inspect solder joints, and the inspecting accuracy can reach 96.5% while each solder inspection takes 9.3 ms. The experimental result demonstrates that the proposed method can detect accurately a solder defect from different patches, and can be modified for different manufacturing processes. The intelligence level of the system using the proposed method is high, and it can be used in practical application.

In order to increase the throughput of IEEE 802.16d systems to improve the quality of video service, a method is proposed to evaluate the degree of error of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) symbols in the physical layer, and a cross-layer error resilient system for video transmission is designed. In the physical layer, the degree of error for OFDM symbols is calculated in the time domain from the mean metric of the survivor path and an error-level factor is defined. According to the error-level factor sent from physical layer and the threshold of error resilience,the MAC layer can decide whether or not the frame with CRC errors is passed to the upper layer. A packet-level FEC algorithm is designed to restore discarded and error affected video frames in the application layer. Experimental results indicate that the error-resilient system can guarantee the user acceptable video Peak Signal to Noise Ratio(PSNR),when the error-resilient threshold value is within 0.02-0.06. Compared to the original IEEE802.16d, the error-resilient 802.16d proposed in this paper can support a larger throughput and a better quality video service.This conclusion also holds for different channel conditions.

In scalable video coding, the original bit-stream can be cropped and generate multiple sub-bit-streams. In order to optimize coding efficiency of both the original bit-stream and the sub-bit-streams, partial decoding based on a Rate Distortion Optimization (RDO) algorithm is proposed. In the enhancement layer’s RDO process, the influence of sub-bit-streams on coding efficiency is predicted by selectively truncating Discrete Cosine Transform(DCT) coefficients.The propagation distortion map is then used to estimate the drift error. In the base layer’s RDO process, the multi-layer coding method is employed to cope with the constraint between the layers’ mode choice. In order to reduce the computational complexity of the algorithm, both the partially decoded reconstruction process and the base layer’s mode decision are optimized. Finally, the configuration of parameters is discussed and chosen adaptively based on the error propagation sensitivity on a macroblock basis. From experimental results, the proposed algorithm improves the sub-bit-streams’ Peak Signal to Noise Ratio(PSNR) by 0.03-0.53 dB. For the scalable video system, the proposal can meet the needs of high coding efficiency and flexible sub-bit-rate extraction.

Based on system structures and principles of some space cameras, an integration dynamic detection method is proposed to operate space cameras in long-term and reliability on the orbit. A space camera testing unit is proposed,which is composed of own multi-simulated testing apparatus, such as SATL load control, dynamic image generator, space camera controller, CCD imaging system, encoder system, thermal control system, power control system and image data displaying and recording system. These apparatus are synchronized accurately using a SATL synchronous clock and a clock sampling device. Using a simulated integration detection control server as the core,a integration operation model, integration testing method and a working platform based on web dynamic integration are built. The integration detection technology is verified by an example of camera drift angle dynamic adjustment experiment in a movement speed of 0.06(°)/s and obtained imaging max lean is less than 0.01°.

In order to realize automatic registration of a Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) image, an approach of image multi-scale registration based on affine invariant Fast Kernel Independent Component Analysis-Scale Invariant Feature Transform(FKICA-SIFT) features is presented. First, the affine invariant SIFT descriptors are constructed according to the Hessian matrix of feature points. The FKICA is used to extract the independent components of the affine invariant SIFT descriptors to obtain new descriptors (FKICA-SIFT). After filtering the input images by using Steerable pyramid, the new descriptors are used to match the feature points detected from the synthetic images of the band-pass sub-images in each layer. Finally, a coarse-to-fine procedure is adopted for gradual optimizing transformation parameters to achieve the multi-scale registration results. Experimental results show that the correct matching rate of proposed algorithm is more than 85% when the threshold is less than 0.7 and that is more than 90% when the threshold is less than 0.5. The registration accuracy of the proposed algorithm can achieve sub-pixel level and it is better than those of SIFT, PCA-SIFT, ICA-SIFT and SURF methods. It has been applied to accurate detection of the changes of the Tangjiashan waters before and after the Wenchuan earthquake, and obtained results meet the requirements of accurate registration for SAR images.

The structure of the system is aimed at improving the spot detection algorithm, in order to improve the level of an atmospheric wireless laser communication link alignment accuracy by reducing the impact of turbulence on laser communication. First,we calculate the changes in the local distortion to determine the real-time local decision threshold Tn by a Hartmann-Shack wave-front sensor on the local distortion of the results of real-time detection. We then obtain the sequence of Mean Square Error(MSE) from the sampling information M(Xi，Yi) by a statistical series. At the same time, we can determine the sampling space (Xi，Yi)of the beacon based on the local threshold. Second,we use the center of a circle for fitting to make the MSE a minimum by following the method of least squares. We also analyse the advantages and disadvantages of the method with center-fitting of spot detection based on the sequence information, from the perspective of information theory. The results show that the detection accuracy is better than 4 μrad in the turbulence and more than twice the traditional centroid algorithm. The method avoids a problem with the introduction of strong turbulence noise. It basically meet the requirements of Air-Wireless-Laser alignment.

The small sample size and the loss of effective dimension problems always exist in discriminative dimension reduction methods of high-dimensional data classification. To address these problems, a Sample Locality Preserving Discriminant Analysis (SLPDA) method is proposed by integrating the latest patch alignment framework and Locality Preserving Projections (LPP). The within-class and out-class neighborhood relationships of all samples in the SLPDA are constructed by summing the within-class and out-class neighborhood graphs of each sample, respectively. Thereafter, the optimal mapping from a high-dimensional input space to a low-dimensional feature space of the SLPDA is obtained by making the within-class neighbors of all samples as close as possible and meanwhile keeping the out-class neighbors as distant as possible. The proposed SLPDA method avoids the small sample size problem of high-dimensional data classification and extends the effective dimension of low- dimensional feature space. Experimental results on several high-dimensional face databases, e.g. ORL, FERET and PIE, indicate that the proposed SLPDA method significantly outperforms the classical discriminative dimension reduction methods. Comparing with Discriminative Locality Alignment (DLA), which is also a dimension reduction method based on patch alignment framework, the recognition rate of SLPDA on a FERET subset is 4.5% higher.

For feature extraction from image measurements and reconstruction from industrial component images,a mathematical model guided by Computer Aided Design(CAD) data is put forward to detect image lines with high accuracy. Firstly, using CAD data, the line initial values are obtained by projecting object line features through the conversion of 3D CAD coordinate and images. Then a sequence of edge points are extracted by adaptive least squares template matching (LSTM) and leads to image line equations from these points based on the principle of least squares fitting. Finally the contours of industrial components are obtained accurately by solving the intersections of image intersecting lines. By using the algorithm on real images of industrial components, we perform a line feature extraction experiment with an average standard deviation of 0.232 mm between the rebuilt line and the actual line length.This proves that the algorithm has high automation extraction and strong stability, and can be used to the image measurement and reconstruction of industrial components with high accuracy.

The generator polynomial estimation of a pseudo-random sequence in truncated codes or error codes is studied in the paper. An optimum estimation algorithm for the generator polynomial via a match-searching is proposed by constructing verification equations based on the linear principle of the pseudo-random sequence. The important characteristic of reducible polynomial in GF(2) is used by reducing the computational amount in algorithm optimization. Finally, the estimation performance of the algorithm at different thresholds and bit errors is simulated,and the performance of the algorithm for the truncated codes or error codes is compared with that of the typical algorithm by taking m-sequences as an example. Simulation results indicate that the algorithm has good adaptability for the error codes and truncated codes and it completes a estimation for the m-sequences with rank of 15 and can adapte to an error rate more than 20%. The algorithm can preferably meets engineering application requirements.

To improve the performance of image transmission systems on optical electronic theodolites, the Rocket IO IP core based on a Field Programming Gate Array(FPGA) is designed to accomplish the interfaces conversion between parallel camera link and serial optical module.It uses a custom image transmission protocol to build a platform to interconnects the image transmission system with various subsystems. Using this optical fiber transmission channel,the system realizes high-speed real-time image transmmision down to a machine for processing, displaying and recording. It can also compound and transmit commands and synchronization timing up to the camera. This paper describes the system architecture, the software and hardware design for the sender, and receiver, and the key technologies for the system, and introduces attributes of Rocket IO, transceiver state machines for data-packets and the image transmission protocol. The experimental results indicate that the system will operate at a rate up 2.5 Gb/s, the transmission link is stable, reliable with no error codes. As the protocol is open-source, users can use the serial data directly.This design breaks through the limitations of traditional optical fiber transmission protocol, and reduces the amount of wiring. The advantages of this system is high bandwidth, high quality images and high anti-jamming level.After a validation test, the system has been applied to various projects.

This paper presents critical aspects of the calibration of the Isara 400 ultra-precision 3D Coordinat Measuring Machine(CMM), such as the calibration of flatness and out-of-squareness of the system’s mirror table. In addition, a newly developed ultra-precision tactile probe system is described and the results of the 3D sensitivity calibration of this probe are presented.

PbS is a direct bandgap IV-VI semiconductor with a bandgap of 0.41 eV and an exciton Bohr radius of 18 nm at room temperature. It has exceptional third-order nonlinear optical properties and applications for optical devices. In this paper, we synthesize PbS nanoparticles in aqueous solution using different capping agents. UV-Vis spectra show that the sample is much more stable. The nanoparticles are investigated by UV-Vis absorption spectrum and X-ray diffraction pattern. As a result of the nanoparticle size reduction, we observe a larger blue shift in absorption spectrum. Using the Scherre equation, the mean particle size is estimated about 8.2 nm.The Z-scan technique, which is a single beam method, is used to investigate the nonlinear optical properties of the as-prepared particles. We use a continues He-Ne laser with 632.8 nm wavelength in the set-up. The method is applied to three samples with different molarities and the nonlinear refractive index is calculated to be of the order of 10-7(cm2/W) with a negative sign.

Currently most plastic lenses and optical surfaces are still inspected directly by eyes by inspectors. In this paper, a Total Internal Reflection (TIR) illumination based dark-field inspection is analyzed and designed to enhance the visibility and contrast of the defects on the two surfaces of and inside the plastic lenses, and a lens inspection prototype is developed. Some trial testings have been conducted with the prototype, and the testing results are compared with those obtained from manual inspection directly operated by inspectors. The TIL dark-field inspection technique and feasibility to detect the popular defects of plastic ophthalmic lenses are verified and evaluated.

The measurement of power by conventional meters has some limitations due to the inductance and capacitance of coils and the eddy current induction in the metal parts of the meters. Optical fiber gratings are currently being used as sensors for a number of physical quantities such as temperature, strain and pressure; other quantities, such as current and electrical power measurements can be detected by fiber gratings using appropriate transducers. This paper demonstrates an optical fiber sensor using a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) and a piezo-electrical transducer (PZT) to measure real and reactive powers. Mounting an FBG on a PZT bar, a dynamic strain simulator is constructed. The voltage equivalent to the product of load voltage and load current applied on PZT is converted to the dynamic variation of the FBG Bragg wavelength. The load power will be achieved by measuring the changing value of the wavelength. A phase detector circuit is used to measure the phase angle between voltage and current signals. The power factor can be obtained from the phase angle. Thus, the sensor can be used to measure real and reactive powers without the use of a traditional power meter.

A textured Sb-doped a-Si film is synthesised using laser-assisted doping combined with texturing for a photovoltaic cell applictaion. The amorphous silicon films coated with Sb to a thickness of 200-300 nm are treated intially with a threshold laser fluence of 460 mJ/cm2 for dopant diffusion. To reactivate the dopant, the samples are retreated with a lower laser fluence of 230 mJ/cm2. The laser diffusion and dopant activation are performed by overlapping the laser spots to 90% of its size, so as to subsequently induce texture on the surface. Generation of polycrystalline textured peaks is confirmed with different characterization methods, such as SEM, Raman Spectroscopy, AFM, resistance and absorbance measurements. Treated samples show a crystalline peak of 521 cm-1 with Raman spectroscopy taken from the front and back of the sample. The n-type characteristics of the samples is confirmed through Hall effect measurements, which confirms also the efficient doping. Surface texture with a roughness parameter of 450 nm and improvement in photocondcutivity and absorbance spectrosocpy values are observed, which confirmes the improved photovolataic properties of the samples.

An optimized design and evaluation method for an aspherical microlens module was presented for the Intel Light Peak technology. The proposed microlens module can be used for high-speed data transmission via a multi-mode GGP fiber.The aspherical microlens has a small diameter about 800 μm and a numerical aperture of 0.275. By the optical softwares of Code V and LightTools, the effect of fabrication and assembly tolerances of the microlens module on the coupling efficiency was investigated,and some factors related to the optical coupling loss were also considered. After optimization design of the module, an optical coupling loss of -0.75 dB was obtained. Finally,the comparison between the spherical and aspherical microlenses for the optical performance was evaluated.

To solve the problem of a large deformation measurement by using the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) method, a DIC method based on seed points is presented. After dividing subsets in the reference image, one point is chosen as the seed point and is matched firstly. According to the deformation continuity of adjacent stages of the image, an improved integer pixel search method is proposed to guarantee that the seed point can be matched successfully even in a large deformation situation. Once the seed point is matched, it can be used to calculate the initial correlation parameters of its four neighbor points according to the deformation continuity of neighbor points in one stage. The above progress repeats until all the points are matched. A rigid rotation experiment and a tensile test are carried out to verify the proposed method. Measurement results for 40° rotation and large deformation up to 113% confirm the validity of the method.

Nanosensors are generally integrated into flexure translation stages to form a closed-loop feedback to control the movement of the stage accurately in a nano-scale order.To evaluate the displacement of nano-stages, a calibration system based on a single frequency triple-beam laser homodyne interferometer with a sub-nanometre resolution was developed to calibrate the precision of the linear nano-stage with a capacitive feedback sensor. The triple-beam configuration and its linear and angular measuring principles were described to reflect how the linear and angular displacements (yaw & pitch) of the stage could be determined accurately. The experimental results demonstrate that the system is capable of calibrating the nano-stage with a linear displacement up to 320 μm and an angular deviation up to 3.5″. The error sources of the proposed calibration system were also highlighted in the measurement uncertainty analysis,and it shows that the expanded uncertainty of measurement with a coverage factor k=2 is estimated as (1.8+1.23×10-2 L) nm, where L is the displacement in μm. The results demonstrate that the proposed system can evaluate the movement performance of nano-stages efficiently.

This paper presents a basic structure combined with a film and a substrate to investigate the damage and deformation of thin films and to predict the life time of MEMS. The bifurcation and fracture of thin films under a tensive load were determined by an experiment where the film/substrate structure was used as the specimen.The substrate was a deposited aluminium film with different thicknesses of 100,150 and 200 nm. Then the experiment was initiated using our designed loading device. An OLYMPUS microscope was used to observe the change of the topography of the film surface. The destruction of the film and the corresponding sizes of the load and displacement were recorded.Finally,the effects of film thickness on bifurcation and fracture were obtained by comparing experimental results. These show that the relevant rupture strain increases with the film thickness and the crack density along the loading direction depends on the thickness of the film and the failure stain when there are cracks appear on the film surface.

Numerical simulation technology was investigated by using the optical software GLAD to design Gradient Index (GRIN) lens based miniature probes for imaging of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Firstly, the basic features of the GRIN lens were overviewed,and design methods for GRIN lens based optical probes were discussed. Then, the probe model consisting of a single mode fiber, a glass rod spacer and a GRIN lens were simulated. The simulating results show that the numerical simulation technique using GLAD can provide an intuitive and effective method for design of miniaturized probes and verification of their optical performance. In addition, the spacer can improve the optical properties of the GRIN lens based optical probes for there exists a suitable range of the spacer lengths in the glass rod.It shows that the working distance of the probe will be greater than 1.0 mm and the focus spot size less than 40 μm when the constant length of GRIN lens is to be 0.1 mm and the spacer length range from 0.8 to 1.1 mm.