A non-contact, embedded water gauge image acquisition and processing system for water level measurement is designed, which can improve the measurement and monitoring flexibility of coast and reefs tides. This system includes imaging unit, data processing unit, storage and interactive unit. For practical application, a water gauge automatic interpretation algorithm is proposed, which includes: the water gauge image collection that contains only a small scale of image using the window interception feature of the sensor, and the Sobel horizontal edge detection operator to extract features and auto-interpretation of the water gauge with the projection analysis method. The experimental results in water show that this system can achieve auto-interpretation measurement of water gauge around the clock. Under the condition that the image distance varies from 25 m to 100 m, maximum interpretation accuracy 6 mm is obtained.

A vision coordinate measurement method based on microscopic image mosaic technique is proposed, that is to say, the coordinate measurement is implemented with spacial coordinate information in image itself. According to fine texture feature on small parts images captured by the measuring microscope, a cross-correlation matching algorithm based on the point map was presented to mosaic sequence images provided with partial overlap. By means of a rigorous system calibration using glass standard rule, mosaicing errors were calculated and analyzed on different microscopic magnification. Then the measuring example of small part dimensions was illuminated, which shows that the algorithm is effective. Several experiment studies show that relative error is superior to 1% and resolution is less than 1 micrometer.

Field robot vision navigation is an important study field in complex scene, and widely used in military and intelligent traffic, etc. A new method of water hazards detection in the field environment is put forward based on polarization characteristic of light. It takes advantage of the physical principle that the light reflected from water surface is partially linearly polarized and the polarization phases of them are more similar than those reflected from the scenes around, and water hazard region of image is divided. The experimental results show that this method is suitable for water hazards scope detection and muddy region detection in complex natural environment. Compared with traditional robot vision method, polarization vision method has advantages of simple calculation, high accuracy, and it is widely used combined with existing image technology.

The ranging precision is an important indicator to measure the performance of laser rangefinder. A detection system of ranging precision for 1 064 nm, 1 540 nm, and 1 570 nm wavelength rangefinder was introduced. The system consists of distance simulator and laser radiation simulator. Radiation simulator can generate an echo pulse with width among 5 ～250 ns and the maximum peak power 0.1 W. FPGA-based distance simulator can realize distance simulation during 50 m～990 km. The closed-loop detection method between radiation simulator and distance simulator is proposed and realized. According to the method, the fixed error of detection system is measured and eliminated. The detection results show that the distance simulation error is less than 1 meter in full simulation scale.

Millimeter-wave (MMW) radiation characteristics of solid targets are very complex, this paper started with the research on modeling and simulation of the metal ball. Due to the property of millimeter-wave resembling light, the ray tracing theory was used to analyze the two-ray propagation of direct reflection and ground secondary reflection of the metal ball surface. The radiation temperature calculation model was established and the MATLAB simulation platform of millimeter-wave radiation characteristics of the metal ball was achieved based on the geometric model of triangle surface element division of the metal ball and the space geometry relation of relative motions between detector and target. The validity of the modeling method is verified through the antenna temperature curves of metal ball and round metal plate under given simulation conditions, and the results show that the metal ball can be equivalent to a nonmetal round plane target with 1.3 times linear size through comparative analysis of the signal waveform characteristics, which provides more accurate and effective data and theoretical support for target recognition and localization in millimeter-wave passive detection.

In absolute distance measurement, interferometric methods are severely affected by the uneven distribution of refractive index of air along the optical path with turbulence. To solve this problem, a multi-wavelength interferometric method for absolute distance measurement is presented, which can compensate for the refractive index of air in real time. Instead of monitoring the real-time environmental parameters, this method based on the excess fractions method can obtain the geometric length by using the relationship between the refractive index of different wavelengths provided by the A coefficient. A theoretical analysis based on the excess fractions method is presented, and a numerical simulation with 594.1 nm, 611.9 nm and 632.8 nm wavelengths is conducted on computer. The result shows the relationship between the Unambiguous Measurement Range (UMR) and the required fringe fraction resolution under this wavelength combination.

To accurately obtain the optical measurement of the angle of the target is one of the keys to achieve high-precision result in optical measurement applications. The atmospheric refraction is an important factor to affect the final calculation of the target angle, so appropriate method should be used to calculate the accurate angle of the target. Main factors affecting the atmospheric refractive index: pressure, temperature and humidity are processed separately with the hierarchical model, the temperature stratification model and humidity hierarchical model. Based on atmospheric refractive index model and actual measured data, according to Snell's law of refraction and atmospheric optical path equation, a precision correction method based on hierarchical processing of the light waves of atmospheric refraction is established. The method of this paper and other methods commonly used are compared with the data of stars observed. Additionally, the actual range measurement data is used to compare different methods. Results of both the experiments show that method of this paper can achieve more precise correction and ultimately improve the measurement accuracy of optical measurement equipments.

A simulation of light beam propagation in the misaligned optical system under mechanical vibration is deduced by the means of ray tracing method based on coordinate transformation and reflection law. A telescope structure of an apparatus was constructed which was then imported into Patran~~Nastran to perform a transient response after sine vibrations was applied in the xyz directions simultaneously so as to obtain the displacement of key points of mirrors. Then, the displacement was used by the simulation program to compute the jitter angles. The amplitude of beam jitter angles were 0.003 4°, 0.016 1°, 0.017 7° respectively after optical beam reflected by primary mirror, secondary mirror and reflection mirror. Moreover, the traces of facula in the target plane and in the space were drawn.

A method of deformation measurement is introduced for a rotating plane reflective mirror with high speed. Since the inertia moment is added by mirror rotating, a bend deflection will appear on the body of plane reflective mirror, which will influence the quality of laser beam capture. With regards to this, strains are measured in the mirror body by strain gauges, and the signals are transferred for data acquisition through a slip ring. Based on the relationship between deformation and strain, the corresponding equivalent thickness of mirror body can be estimated by simulation, and the deformation of mirror body can be reconstructed by digital integration. Compared with the finite element calculation results, the correctness of the measurement is verified. Research experiment shows that the proposed method is successful in the result of measurement, and it gives new clue of the deformation estimation of rotating mirror.

For the factors of increased of tasks, enhancements of function and improvement of integrity and complexity in aerospace camera, application system has raised high and long-term in-orbit autonomy and reliability requirements on camera controller. Based on an actual project application background, a method of new high reliability aerospace camera controller in-orbit software re-injection instruction sequence and process flow of bootstrap receive, cache, checkout and storage firing data are put forward by taking TSC695F as kernel CPU. Finally, combined with camera controller software re-injection specific detect module, the validity of the software re-injection method raised here has been verified. Moreover, reference codes of ground generation top pouring data package are given.

A high-precision real-time star image simulation method is proposed for the emulational test of a marine star tracker. The computation model for star image simulation is established, and the non-stellar elements simulation method is analyzed. The related algorithms are realized by Visual C++ programming. Typical star image simulation examples are presented and compared with the star images generated by Starry Night. The results show that this proposed method can be used to achieve star image simulation for a marine star tracker under various operating conditions. The elements of simulation are complete and correct. The simulation accuracy is comparable to the accuracy of Starry Night at sub-pixel level. And the simulation time for each image is about 24.8 ms. This method meets well the basic requirements of high-precision real-time emulational test of a marine star tracker.

Based on the limited types of Ultra-small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (USUAV) payload, a set of camera system is designed by integration of optical, mechanical, and electrical hardware to reach the requirements of good performance and practicability. The performance of the system is analyzed, and the key technology that the commercial digital camera is applied to aircraft equipment is solved. By utilizing system damping technology, the image does not exist blurring. Image motion of camera system during exposure time does not exceed 0.5 pixels, and there is no smear to occur. Through the thermal design of the system, the problem that the camera cannot be started up in the low temperature environment is solved. The camera system is tested in the ultra-small UAV, and clear images are acquired. It is proved that the design is reasonable.

To solve the optical handling of microwave signal problem in satellite communication, the inter-satellite microwave photonic link is presented. Two parallel dual-electrode Mach-Zehnder modulators are utilized to achieve the inter-satellite optical transmission and frequency down conversion of microwave signals based on optical carrier suppression modulation. The solution for any harmonic and intermodulation components of receiver signal is derived with Bessel expansion, and the relationship formula between carrier number and output signal to noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) is deduced. The optimum modulation indexes are obtained with curved surface projection method. The effects of carrier number to optimum modulation indexes, optical emission power and SNDR are analyzed. The results show that, the optimum modulation index of modulator with local oscillator can remain unchanged while the carrier number changes. When the carrier number increases, the optimum modulation index of modulator with signals and optimal SNDR both decrease and the optical emission power will increase.

Aimed at the characteristic of the port target revealed in remote sensing image, a port target detection algorithm based on the invariant linear-moment and the closure of the port region is proposed. Firstly, edge-search method and thresholding are used to realize the segmentation and obtain the binary image of sea and land. Then, a closure is computed, and through the closure of the coastline the port region, its inner coastline is confirmed. The invariant linear-moment of the port’s inner coastline is computed, a feature spectrum consists of the invariant linear-moment and closure is got. The unknown port is recognized based on comparison against feature spectrum to the templets which have been stored anteriorly. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can correctly recognize the port target.

Aiming at the implementation of multi-modal biometric system in identification modal, the efficient identification algorithm based on hand vein, iris and fingerprint was developed. Firstly, feature extraction and feature matching of three unimodal biometric traits was carried out respectively and the independent matching scores of each trait was obtained. Then, k Nearest Neighbor (kNN) classifier was utilized to preliminary identification based on hand vein, and the number of user’s identity would be reduced to k. Finally, Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier was developed to accuracy identification of user’s identity based on iris and fingerprint. The constructing three-modal biometric image database was used to experimental analysis. The results show that the system has good identification performance, which possesses wide application prospect.

Since the original Local Phase Quantization (LPQ) operator has a poor performance in extracting the texture features under illumination or noise effect, a method of face description is proposed which extracts the histogram sequence of Local Shearlet Phase Quantization (HLSPQ) from the magnitudes of Shearlet coefficients. First, In order to extract the multi-orientation information, the average fusion method is proposed to fuse the original Shearlet features of the same scale. Second, the fused image is divided into several units from which the local phase quantization operates is used to extract the local neighbor patterns. Then, the LPQ operates on each unit to extract the local neighbor patterns. Finally, the input face image is described by the histogram sequence extracted from all these region patterns. The experimental results on ORL, FERET and YALE face database can achieve high face recognition rate up to 98%, 95% and 97.78%, which shows that the proposed method has better effect on improving the recognition rate.

In order to get access to the target polarization information, a new polarization measurement method of a modulation mutual difference frequency modulation is designed. In this method, The three Photoelastic Modulator (PEM) respectively work in numerical slightly in three difference frequency, polarized light is modulated to the difference frequency, and polarization information is contained in the low-frequency component. Then, through the lock-in amplifier, the four stokes polarization parameters measurement can be achieved, and Stokes parameter can describe the polarization of the light beam state. This method not only retains the original advantages of elastic-optic modulator for polarization measurements, but also overcomes the defects of the existing method which cannot use array detector effective acquisition and frequency modulation high. Moreover, the method proposed by MATLAB simulation realizes Stokes parameter measurement process. Theoretical analysis and simulation results proved the feasibility of this method.

A new differential frequency modulation method based on dual-photoelastic-modulator (dual-PEM) and Fourier-Bessel transform is proposed as an key component of dual-photoelastic-modulator-based spectropolarimeter. The dual-PEM are operated as an electro-optic circular retardance modulator. Operating the PEMs at slightly different resonant frequencies ω1and ω2 respectively, generates a differential signal at a much lower heterodyne frequency that modulates the incident light. This method retains the advantages of the existing PEM, and the frequency of modulated photocurrent is decreased by 2~3 orders of magnitude, which can be detected by common array detector. The incident light spectropolarimeter (Q(σ) and U(σ) of Stokes parameters) can be obtained by Fourier-Bessel transform of low frequency component in the modulated signal. The method reduces the complexity of spectropolarimeter measurement system. The basic principle is introduced, the basic equation is derived, and the feasibility is verified through the corresponding numerical simulation and experiment.

In order to overcome the difficulty that unknown images can not find best fusion rules adaptively, a new fusion model driven by discrepant features is presented based on dual-color MWIR images. The model firstly finds best image features corresponding with fusion rules on the basis of selecting best fusion evaluation index. Then it uses possibility theory to construct membership function describing the distribution of image features, and establish mapping relationship between discrepant features and fusion rules. Finally, a fusion model driven by discrepant features is established. The experiment results show this model can reflect the true scene better in subjective perception and about 95% of index parameter is superior to others in objective evaluation.

The principle of distributed optical fiber sensing system based on Brillouin echo is analyzed, the transient coupled wave equation of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) is deduced by a time domain perturbation method, and the transient solution of the SBS process is obtained. The Brillouin gain curves of the SBS process in Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis (BOTDA) systems using different pulse modulation are studied by Matlab simulation, and the 3-dimensional Brillouin gain spectra of the sensing systems are analyzed. The simulation results show that high Brillouin gain and narrow Brillouin linewidth as well as high spatial resolution can be achieved in BOTDA systems with bright pulse modulation, dark pulse modulation, and π-phase pulse modulation. And the largest Brillouin gain can be achieved in the π-phase modulation system.

One of the main factors that affect transformer insulation aging is the core temperature. The higher the core's temperature is, the faster the insulation degrades and the shorter the transformer's life is. a design of sensor using optical Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) was introduced to measure the transformer core temperature, which takes advantage of the slot on the core of the transformer to install the optical fiber Bragg ceramic casing grating temperature sensor on the core in column yoke surface of the transformer. When the temperature of core changes, the temperature of the optical fiber Bragg grating will vary with the core changes, which make the central wavelength of optical fiber Bragg grating shift, so the temperature of the core can be measured. When the running voltage is 75 V and 100 V respectively, the constant load experiments show that, under the constant voltage, when the ambient temperature is 15℃, in 0 ~ 105 minutes, the center wavelength of optical fiber Bragg grating stabilizes at 1 552.289 nm and 1 552.299 nm respectively, and the temperature rise are 17℃ and 18℃ respectively.