Dynamics characteristic of photoelectric tracking system with horizontal gimbal is analyzed by momentum theorem and angular momentum theorem and nonlinear model is built.Nonlinear model built is simulated with virtual prototype technology.Analysis and simulation prove that disturbing moment induced by nonlinear relation affects seriously tracking precision when azimuth-axis and elevation-axis move on high angular rate or high angular acceleration,and moving coincidence between azimuth-axis and elevation-axis can be resolved completely when elevation-axis has the same moment of inertia relative to inertia principal axis of elevation-axis.

Positions impacting on a virtual plane on trajectory,flying velocity,and the flying direction angle of velocity,which are the parameters of flying projectiles in ballistic trajectory,must be measured in ranger.Because of drawback of four-screen measuring system and two-screen velocity measuring method,an improved six-light-screen array is presented that is composed of six large area light screens.The six-light-screen array presented at the first time can be shaped by changing a position of one light screen in the present basic six-light-screen array.Two kinds of arrays can measure synchronously all above parameters of flying projectiles.They are basic arrays and other different arrays can be obtained by rotating and shifting the different light screens.The principle of measurement is described in the paper.And the derived process of measurement formula is given in detail.The presented six-light-screen array can be used as a sensor in automatic target-reading systems.

In electro-optical tracking system,fractal noises and white noises have main effects on the precision of inertial sensors,and it is difficult to filter fractal noises by traditional methods.Because of special properties of fractal noises in wavelet transform domain,denoising means with wavelet transform are adopted and data fusion of sensors is implemented.By simplifying the thresholds computation and mending the symmetric extension for signals input,the processing precision is improved and calculation length for signal is reduced greatly.Therefore,the signal can be processed in real time.Some experiments for inertial sensors are carried out and the experimental results verify that the algorithm is valid and real-time.

To fulfill a TV guidance system task of fast recognizing and tracking missile target from sequential images including multiple interferences,a fast segmentation and target characteristic extraction algorithm of sequential images based on binary image index map was proposed.After the sequential images were processed to binary images,a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) was used to scan the binary image once and an index map was built,and then Digital Signal Processing (DSP) was used to scan the index map once.Thus,all the targets and their characteristics could be extracted.Experimental result shows that the algorithm is effective in parallel processing and competent in real-time performance,and it completely meets performance demands of the TV guidance system.

Deducing epithelial dysplasia from Light Scattering Spectroscopy (LSS) is an inverse problem,which can be transformed into inverting the size change of cellular nucleus.Based on the simulated single scattering polarized spectroscopy,Projection algorithm was employed to extract the size distribution of cellular nucleus.Projection algorithm regards the solution of equations as a point of the multi-dimension space,so the real value can be approached by finding out a series of project points on each hyperplane.Simulation results show that Projection algorithm has excellent inversion precision in both single-peaked and bimodal distribution,which implies its potential to increase the sensitivity of detection of epithelial dysplasia with light scattering spectroscopy.

The basic principle and experimental method of Orthogonal Polarization Interferometry (OPI) were described in this paper.The output laser beam of Fizeau interferometer was polarized by a linear polarizer,and two interferograms were obtained:the polarization orientation of one of them consisting with o-axis of KDP crystals,and the other one polarizing orientation is orthogonal with that o-axis.The non-uniformities of refractive indices of KDP crystals were calculated from difference of those two interferograms.The large aperture interferometer was used to accurately measure the differential distribution of KDP refractive indices.A linear polarizer whose polarizing orientation was changeable was put at the end of small aperture of interferometer.The difference of KDP refractive indices of eight pieces of KDP crystals as large as 330mm×330mm was obtained by orthogonal polarization interferometry.

The conventional photoelectric detector can not get the laser signal because of the laser’s high energy and long wavelength.To achieve the goal of real-time monitoring the laser beam and fast aligning the high-energy laser launching system accurately,we monitored the output mirror of laser resonator to supersede the laser beam in this paper.In the same way,with a right-angle reflector,the launching system was aligned using the He-Ne laser of beam monitoring system instead of high-energy laser.In the end,the precision of the CO2 laser launching system was analyzed to inspect the method.The analysis results show that the parallelism errors can reach 15.9″,which satisfies the requirement of system.

To ensure the reliability of some industry producing equipments,the rapid calibration and measurement for diameter and installed eccentricity of rotating pieces with different sizes are required.In this paper,features of laser online calibration system were studied and relevant measuring signal formula were presented,and general principles to design such a system were given.Theoretical analysis shows that accuracy of such system could be up to micron level,which was identical with practice in precise PCB drilling machine.Analysis methods presented in this paper can be applied to lathe,milling machine,processing platform and so on,which need designing a rapid online measurement system and calibrating rotating piece for diameter as well as installed eccentricity.

The surface defect detection of bridge cable about the safety and healthy of the bridge is studied in the paper.In view of the drawback of two detecting methods for surface covering layer of cable,the scanning acquisition system and the fault detection system in the core of embedded DSP were designed,which included image acquisition part,DSP hardware platform,creeping moving part and fault location part.Furthermore,a fast measuring method based on image processing of the cable surface corrosion and damage was proposed,which included image interception,filter denoise,image segmentation and defect recognition.The experimental result shows that it can detect the cable surface defect in real time,and its performance index is that minimal recognition area is 1cm2and real-time image processing speed is 10cm/3s.

The multi-scale representation of covariance matrix for planar counter over its Region of Support (ROS) was defined in the framework of B-spline scale space.The eigenvector corresponding to the largest eigenvalue of covariance matrix indicated contour tangent orientation.The multiplication of change rates of contour tangent orientation at different scales was defined as multi-scale product.A local extreme of the product was reported as corner when the value of the product exceeded a threshold.The features of contour at different scales were contained in multi-scale product which enhanced the responses of corners while suppressing the effect of noise,hence the proposed algorithm not only has good localization accuracy,but also has good robustness to noise.Experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm is rotation-invariant and insensitive to slight scale transform.

A point-diffraction interferometry was presented based on Fourier transform instead of the phase-shifting point-diffraction interferometry.It is a measurement method following the diffraction and interference theory of the point light source.The phase message of interference pattern was obtained by the Fourier transform pattern analysis method.And the xyz-coordinates of the two point diffraction sources were calculated by the modified Newton method based on the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) algorithm.It is proved in this article that the point-diffraction interferometry based on Fourier transform can reduce the effect of the random noise on measurement effectively by computer simulation experiment.

The navigation technology based on machine vision for driving robot in vehicle road tests is studied.A quick and robust image algorithm to detect vehicle inductive lines is proposed.In this algorithm,the conditional edge detection is carried out firstly within an interested mobile region.Then,a novel processing idea of gradient direction histogram is introduced.And how to select candidate point sets and valid point sets on the inductive line edges is ascertained.Finally,the feature parameters about vehicle inductive lines are extracted quickly and accurately by the proposed Kalman filter with the scalar measurement processing.Experiments show that the proposed detection algorithm can satisfy the navigation demands of the driving robot even in the complex road environment and has the real-time processing velocity as quick as 30ms per frame.

A high-performance lossy compression algorithm was proposed for remote sensing image compression based on bit allocation using sub-bands entropy.After decomposing the remote sensing image by using wavelet lifting scheme,the distribution of energy percentage and entropy of high frequency sub-bands were analyzed.A novel bit allocation method using the entropy was proposed.Uniform scalar quantification was implemented for each high frequency sub-band.Bit plane encoding followed and included two parts.The coordinates of non-zero coefficients were registered in the most significant bit plane,and run-length encoding and Huffman encoding were adopted for other bit planes.Experimental results show that the compression scheme performs well on a set of test remote sensing images including complicated texture images and relative planar ones.The Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) is all higher than 34dB.However,the Compression Ratio (CR) depends on image’s complicated degree.

In order to improve the performance of iterative least square algorithm based on image registration for nonuniformity correction of infrared focal plane arrays,a new algorithm was presented.Firstly,according to the noise regularity of actual images,the noise model of the algorithm was constructed with the knowledge of readout architecture for imaging system.Then the principle of the algorithm was provided in two parts to be analyzed.Finally,results were presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the algorithm.Compared with other correction algorithms,the algorithm has some advantages,such as fast convergence rate,low computational complexity and small memory resources.

The Infrared Focal Plane Arrays (IRFPA) imaging system is the main technique tendency of infrared imaging,but the inherent nonuniformity of IRFPA limits its imaging quality crucially.Therefore,real-time nonuniformity correction for IRFPA is the base of the infrared thermo-image system.A non-linear curve fitting correction method for IRFPA with real-time realization is proposed using Altera’s NIOSII embedded software CPU.By creating custom instructions for NIOSII embedded processor,time-consuming algorithm is solved in FPGA.As a result,the parallelism of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and the flexibility of DSP are combined perfectly,and the performance of the system is improved greatly.The block diagram of hardware circuit and the work processes are introduced.The experimental results show that the system has a large dynamic range and utilizes only one FPGA chip.It is possible to minimize the system.

This paper described an algorithm applied to the video sequence images mosaicing—manifold method.Firstly,strips were extracted in a video sequence.The charts were composed of some strips.The order that the chart was in the manifold was fixed by the similarity measure.Secondly,the corresponding charts between frames were connected and then mosaiced into a panoramic image according to optimized path.Finally,the image color of the overlapping band was smoothed using the Laplacian Pyramid decomposition approach.The experiments show that the panoramic image mosaiced by the method preserves the detail of original image at the greatest degree and has the least cumulative visual errors and distortions.So the panoramic image has very good visual effect.

As the optimal operator of edge detection,classical Canny operator has the limits in linear filtering and threshold choosing.On the basis of it,an adaptive Gaussian filter with scale adjustable was adopted in filtering.By computing the average of all intensity values in current filter window and the difference between the average and the intensity value of the current pixel,the smooth degree of current filter window was obtained.And then,by regarding the smooth degree as the scale size of Gaussian function,the noises of images could be filtered while the edges couldn’t be smoothed.At the same time,an adaptive double-threshold selection method was used based on the grads threshold method and simple statistic method to detect edges of Non-Maxima Suppressed grads image.Experiments prove that the method can filter noise effectively;also the distilled fake edges and lost edges are fewer than those of classical Canny operator.

Based on Contour Bougie morphology (CB morphology) and generalized multiple structuring elements morphology,a novel series-parallel complex morphological filter was constructed for suppressing the speckle noise in images.Firstly,an omnidirectional multiple structuring element morphology open-Max and close-Min parallel filter was adopted to filter the noise at the cost of minimal loss of image geometrical details,and then a CB morphology open and close operation series filter was used to filter the remaining speckle noise.Thus,it can not only effectively suppress the speckle noise in images but also preserve more geometrical structure features of the images.The results of analysis and simulation prove that the algorithm presented in the paper is efficient.

Firstly,based on HSI color space,complex variable function model correlative to H and S components is proposed and the correlative edge detection method is presented,and then the edge image of H and S components can be achieved by the method.Secondly,the grey image is acquired by extracting I component from the color image,and processed with current mature grey edge detection method (accurate image edge detection based on wavelet multi-scale analysis) to obtain the edge image of I component.Finally,taking advantage of data fusion technique,the two edge images above mentioned can be combined into an accurate edge image of the color image.The experimental results show that the information of color image is efficiently utilized and the edge images combined are satisfying by applying this framework.

We integrate the detected object shape represented by shape restraint equation(s) and general active contour models into a unified energy function to generate the shape preserving active contour model,which keeps the curve to be a specific class shape in the evolvement.In this model,a specific class contour shape is represented as the zero level line of some certain parametric level set function(s).So,this model can not only detect the given object correctly but also characterize the object shape quantificationally via these parameters.In addition,we build an energy functional for elliptic objects detection using the proposed model,deduce the corresponding Euler-Lagrange ordinary differential equation (ODE(s)) of its shape parameters and implement them using level sets method.The elliptic object detection model has many applications such as papilla segmentation,iris detection and camera calibration.By numerical experiments presented in the paper,it can not only detect the elliptic objects correctly but also is robust to noise,deformity and occlusion etc.

This paper describes briefly the basic principles of Electronic Image Stabilization (EIS) technique,and emphasizes the implementation and performance characteristics of the electronic image stabilizer on the ship-borne TV reconnaissance system and the detecting and compensating technologies adopted on them to meet the performance requirements.The proposed electronic image stabilizer detects motion vector between reference frame and current frame in sequential image using the Gray Projection Algorithm (GPA).In order to achieve accurate detecting results,an improved gray projection algorithm is exploited to detect sub-pixel image motion vector.Furthermore,the proposed electronic image stabilizer uses the smooth algorithm in transform formula of the motion compensation,which avoids mosaics of image occurred and improves the precision of image compensation.The experimental results indicate that the electronic image stabilizer is effective to actual application and has high image stabilizing precision and excellent real time processing capacity.

The Space-borne Fourier Transform Spectrometer (SBFTS) carried by FY-4 meteorology satellite is one of infrared remote sensing instruments.It acquires the temperature,pressure and humidity of atmosphere on geostationary orbit,and supplies the valuable weather data for next numerical weather prediction.For the proper use of the SBFTS,it is imperative to provide high quality spectral Calibration.The Instrument Line Shape (ILS) of Fourier transform spectroscopy is influenced by the angular distribution of light in the interferometer’s off-axis detector.Analyze the effect on spectral calibration by off-axis detectors,and then make ILS simulation for rectangular detector based on the sounder’s 16×4 plane array detectors structure.The result is used in the spectral calibration of the SBFTS.The precision of 10-5 is achieved in the spectral calibration of SBFTS.Because of using focal plane array in Fourier transform spectrometer,the spectrum measured by the off-axis detector appears to shift to low frequency.The ILS of SBFTS must be analyzed for removing the effect of frequency shift in spectral calibration.

Non-dispersive Infrared (NDIR)spectroscopic technique based on Lamber-beer law is used to detect trace gas in air.In the Lamber-beer law,approximation absorbance is linear to gas concentration.So we can make use of the low concentration of calibration gas and multilayer calibration correction to get the Lamber-beer law calibration.And quantitative analysis of the trace gas is performed by this calibration curve.This method avoids excessive curvature error of high concentration and two point calibration correction.The experimental results show that the method has good precision for quantitative analysis.

A new method is developed to calibrate the absolute spectral responsivity of infrared detectors in the spectral range 1μm to 3μm.The spectral responsivity of test infrared detector is calibrated in two stages with two types of primary standard detector.Firstly,a continuous spectral responsivity of test infrared detector relative to referenced detector is measured at the Infrared Spectral Comparator Facility (IR SCF) and the referenced detector is a cavity thermopiles detector which has a response invariability with wavelength in the spectral range 1μm to 3μm.Then,the absolute spectral responsivity of test infrared detector is measured in several wavelength points by the primary standard cryogenic absolute radiometer and discrete lasers.And then we can calculate the absolute spectral responsivity of test infrared detector at every wavelength.Calibration for TS-76 is carried out and a combined uncertainty is less than 0.95%.

A new bridge theory is put forward to analyze the reason of nonlinearity errors caused by the center and edge of Two Dimensional Position Sensitive Detector (2D-PSD) on the basis of expounding the lateral photoeffect,the operating principle,architecture and characters of improved 2D-PSD.A signal processing circuit for improved 2D-PSD including high-precision,low temperature excursion and high input impedance preamplifier,summator,subtracter and divider is used in high-precision laser collimation system.The signal processing circuit converts the optical signals processed by optical system including optical lenses,diaphragm,light filter etc into electrical signals,and then the electrical signals will be sent into data acquisition system.The straightness measure results of work-piece will be showed on computer by the linearity evaluation software.The characters of the system are fast response,high-resolution position,real-time detection etc.In the end,measuring results and some important conclusions are presented.

Phase Measuring Profilometry (PMP) by a composite grating is a non-contract and real-time optical three-dimensional (3D) measurement method.By analyzing the composite grating,it is found that the measuring precision is related to the period of shift-phase gratings inside the composite grating when the frequencies of the spatial modulating gratings inside the composite grating are chosen properly.A period eigenvalue depending on the profile of the measured object is founded.It leads to a least Root-mean-square (RMS) measuring error.Therefore,the measuring precision can be improved by optimizing parameters of composite grating.When a set of designed composite grating patterns with different period of shift-phase grating are projected orderly by digital light projector,the corresponding deformed composite grating patterns are detected respectively to retrieve measured object with different RMS measuring error .The optimized composite grating can be obtained by RMS measuring error.Both the simulating and actual experimental results prove that the designed optimized composite grating can improve measuring precision.

There is no standard method for the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) measurement of projection lens,so we analyze a real-time MTF measurement system based on image analysis for projection lens in this paper.Using CCD as an image receiver and based on image analysis,a method of MTF measurement is discussed.According to analyzing a single pixel image,the method can acquire tangential and sagittal MTF data at one measurement.The structure and theoretical model of the test system are expounded.The importance of system parameter calibration and how to calibrate correctly are emphatically analyzed.The factors that influence the results and how to correct the noise effect are also analyzed.Compared measurement results of a qualified projection lens and an unqualified projection lens with the designed datum,the comparison experiment show the validity of the system and the method.

The principle of UV nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL) and the effect of the parallelism between the stamp and substrate on the imprint quality were introduced.Bellows cylinder vacuum UV nanoimprint lithography machine was developed,which could place stamp and substrate parallel to each other through bellows cylinder,and transferred the pressing force to a large area substrate effectively and uniformly.With the design of the optical system,the implementation of UV nano-imprinting lithography and the optical system’s construction and adjustment were analyzed.UV nanoimprint lithography for Polymer OG154 was implemented.Printing results of 100 nm features over a 5cm×5cm area were presented.