Fig. 1. Pure rotational Raman spectra of air calculated for a temperature of 300 K and laser wavelength of 532.237 nm

Fig. 2. Structure diagram of single-line-extracted pure rotational Raman lidar for measuring atmospheric temperature and aerosol/cloud profiles

Fig. 3. Actual photos of lidar. (a) Room for lidar’s emitting unit; (b) room for lidar’s receiving unit

Fig. 4. A nighttime observation example of single-line-extracted pure rotational Raman lidar with resolutions of 150 m and 60 min. (a) Profiles of lidar photon counts; (b) atmospheric temperature profiles from the 0.3 m aperture receiver and 1.0 m aperture receiver; (c) statistical errors of the temperature measurements from the 0.3 m aperture receiver and 1.0 m aperture receiver, and the absolute deviations between lidar and radiosonde temperatures

Fig. 5. A daytime observation example of single-line-extracted pure rotational Raman lidar with resolutions of 150 m and 60 min. (a) Profiles of lidar photon counting; (b) atmospheric temperature profiles from the 0.3 m aperture receiver and 1.0 m aperture receiver; (c) statistical errors of the temperature measurements from the 0.3 m aperture receiver and 1.0 m aperture receiver, and the absolute deviations between lidar and radiosonde temperatures

Fig. 6. Time-height contour plot of temperature measured by the single-line-extracted pure rotational Raman lidar

Fig. 7. Lidar profiles obtained by the 0.3 m aperture receiver during the presence of an elevated aerosol layer with resolutions of 90 m and 60 min. (a) Profiles of lidar photon counts; (b) lidar-measured temperature profile and simultaneous radiosonde-measured temperature profile; (c) aerosol backscatter coefficient profiles obtained by analytical expression Eq. (7) and Fernald method using a fixed lidar ratio of 56 sr (both applying a reference height of 12 km); (d) aerosol extinction coefficient profiles using analytical expression Eq. (8) and with Fernald method using a fixed lidar ratio of 56 sr; (e) aerosol backscatter ratio profile obtained by analytical expression Eq. (6); (f) lidar ratio profile obtained by single-line-extracted pure rotational Raman lidar and the assumed fixed lidar ratio of 56 sr

Fig. 8. Lidar profiles obtained by the 0.3 m aperture receiver during the presence of a cirrus cloud with resolutions of 90 m and 60 min. (a) Profiles of lidar photon counts; (b) lidar-measured temperature profile and simultaneous radiosonde-measured temperature profile; (c) aerosol backscatter coefficient profiles obtained by analytical expression Eq. (7) and Fernald method using a fixed lidar ratio of 20 sr (both applying a reference height of 12 km); (d) aerosol extinction coefficient profiles obtained by analytical expression Eq. (8) and Fernald method using a fixed lidar ratio of 56 sr; (e) aerosol backscatter ratio profiles obtained by analytical expression Eq. (6) and Fernald method; (f) lidar ratio profile obtained by single-line-extracted pure rotational Raman lidar measurement and the assumed fixed lidar ratio of 20 sr for Fernald method