Fig. 1. Detection area fire point distribution. (a) Surface type; (b) fire point distribution

Fig. 2. Surface temperature distribution in detection area. (a) In 2022; (b) in 2023

Fig. 3. Emissivity distribution in 2023. (a) 31 bands; (b) 32 bands

Fig. 4. AOD distribution in the detection area. (a) In 2022; (b) in 2023

Fig. 5. Cellular neighborhoods

Fig. 6. Transmittance of no-fire and fire-based scenes. (a) 3‒5 μm; (b) 8‒14 μm

Fig. 7. Radiant brightness of no-fire and fire-based scenes. (a) 3‒5 μm; (b) 8‒14 μm

Fig. 8. Radiation simulation of California region in absence of forest fires. (a) 2‒3 μm; (b) 8‒14 μm

Fig. 9. Different scale wildfire-scale radiation simulation in California region. Small-scale wildfire, (a) 2‒3 μm and (b) 8‒14 μm; medium-scale wildfire, (c) 2‒3 μm and (d) 8‒14 μm; large-scale wildfire, (e) 2‒3 μm and (f) 8‒14 μm

Fig. 10. Radiation simulation of California region for a forest fire of different duration. Over 10 d, (a) 2‒3 μm and (b) 8‒14 μm; over 20 d, (c) 2‒3 μm and (d) 8‒14 μm